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The cytoplasm (cyto =cell, plasm = formation) includes all the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane. It carries on the work of the cell (e.g., in a muscle cell, it does thecontracting; in a nerve cell, it transmit impulses). The cytoplasm contains specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of a cell:

Mitochondria (a) are small, sausage-shaped bodies that,like miniature power plants, produce energy by burning food in the presence of oxygen. During this chemical process, called catabolism (cata = down, bol=cast, -ism = process), complex foods (sugar andfat) are broken down into simpler substance. The catabolism of sugar and fat releases needed energy to do the work of the cell.

The endoplasmic reticulum (b) is a network (reticulum) of canalswothin the cell. These canals (containing small structures called ribosomes) are cellular tunnel system in which proteins are manufactured for use in the cell. This process of building up complexmaterials, such as proteins, from simpler parts is called anabolism (ana = up, bol = to cast, ism = process). During anabolism, small pieces of protein (called amino acids) are fitted together like linksina chain to make larger proteins.




















El citoplasma (cito = célula, plasma = formación) incluye todo el material fuera del núcleo y encerrado por la membrana de lacélula. Se lleva a cabo el trabajo de la célula (por ejemplo, en una célula muscular, lo hace la contratación, en una célula nerviosa, que transmite impulsos). El citoplasma contiene aparatoespecializado para satisfacer las necesidades químicas de una célula:

Las mitocondrias (a) son cuerpos pequeños, en forma de salchicha que, al igual que las plantas de energía en miniatura, producen energíapor la quema de alimentos en presencia de oxígeno. Durante este proceso químico, llamado catabolismo (cata = abajo, bol = rem,-ismo = proceso), alimentos complejos (azúcar y grasa) se descomponen...