A01193373-Patricio Andonie

EARLY HUMANS
* Prehistory means “the time before writing was developed.”
* Archaeology is the study of past societies through analysis of what people left behind
* Anthropology is the study of human life and culture.
* A hominid was a humanlike creature that walked upright. Africa, 4 millions ago, Australopithecus – Homo habilis – Homo Erectus – Homo Sapiens – Homo SapiensSapiens.
* Paleolithic = Stone tools. They were nomads. Used fire. Had the Ice Age. They painted.
THE RISE OF EGYPT
* Egypt relied on the Nile River.
* Lower Egypt: Delta.
* Upper Egypt: land upstream.
* The “miracle” of the flood left fertile soil on autumn. They were very regular and predicted. Confidence on them.
* Seas and deserts brought them protection from invasion.* Polytheistic. Sun gods and Land gods.
* Old Kingdom: 2700-2200 bc. Prosperity and Splendor. Bureaucracy. Pharaoh with absolute power. Pyramids. Mummification. Giza and Sphinx.
* 150 years of disorder.
* Middle Kingdom: 2055-1650 bc. Expansion. Concern for people.
* 150 years of disorder because they were invaded by the Hyksos from Asia.
* New Kingdom: 1550-1070 bc. Itstarted when pharaohs used bronze weapons and horse chariots to drive Hyksos away. Army and Conquering. Tutankhamen brought the gods back after a religious crisis. They were an Empire. Religious crisis ended the Empire.
* The three kingdoms were regular, rich, no invasion, no war, no problems. The time between them was irregular.
* Dynasty: a family of rulers whose right to rule ispassed on within the family
* In 3100 bc, King Menes united both Upper and Lower Egypt. Creating a dynasty.
* Classes: Pharaoh, nobles and priests, merchants and peasants who farmed.
* Women were respected.
* Hieroglyphics: complex system of writing that used both pictures and more abstract forms; used by the ancient Egyptians and Maya.
* Hieratic script: simplification ofhieroglyphics used for transactions.
* They used geometry. Calculated area and volume for the floods.
* They developed a 365 day calendar.
KUSH
* In South Egypt Nubia was from Egypt. But when the New kingdom falls, it becomes Kush, independent.
* Trading empire.
POETS AND HEROES FROM GREEECE
* Greece has: small area, mountainous areas that make small plains, the mountainsdivided Greece that much causing different Greek societies.
* Used mostly Mediterranean sea to spread their culture.
* Mycenae was the first Greek State.
* Mycenae was formed by Indo-European travelers.
* They formed monarchies, centered in hills.
* According to Homer they sacked Troy.
* Mycenae collapses with Greek invaders. The DARK AGE: no much data about what happenedthen. 1100-750 bc.
* Migration from Greece.
* Iron replaced bronze in weapons and farming tools.
* Phoenician alphabet. Reducing it to 24 letters.
* Homer: the Iliad and Odyssey. Epic poetry: told the story of heroes. Courage and Honor = Arete.
* Iliad: Achilles. Troyan war.
* Odyssey: Odysseus.
THE GREEK CITY-STATES
* City-State = Polis (Politics comes fromthat word). It was a town, city or village that served as, where people could meet for political, religious and social business.
* Acropolis: top of a hill for refugee and temples.
* Agora: below the acropolis this worked as a gathering place and a market.
* Classes in the Polis: Citizen with rights: adult males; Citizens with no political rights: women and children; No citizens:laborers, slaves and aliens.
* Citizens had rights, which came with responsibilities. Aristotle said that each person belong also to the state.
* Aristocrats dominated political life.
* Their basic units of armies were the hoplites: soldiers with shield, sword and spear.
* GREEK EXPANSION.
* A lot of Greeks left their home because of the overpopulation or searching for farmlands,...