Antibioticos en aquicultura y salud animal, humana

Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKEMIEnvironmental Microbiology 1462-2912© 2006 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2006 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd 20068711371144Review Article ?
Aquaculture and antibiotic resistance bacteriaF. C. Cabello

Environmental Microbiology (2006) 8(7), 1137–1144

doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01054.x

Minireview Heavy use ofprophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment
Felipe C. Cabello Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA. Summary The accelerated growth of finfish aquaculture has resulted in a series of developments detrimental to the environment and human health. The latter is illustrated by thewidespread and unrestricted use of prophylactic antibiotics in this industry, especially in developing countries, to forestall bacterial infections resulting from sanitary shortcomings in fish rearing. The use of a wide variety of antibiotics in large amounts, including non-biodegradable antibiotics useful in human medicine, ensures that they remain in the aquatic environment, exerting their selectivepressure for long periods of time. This process has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase of antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens, in the transfer of these resistance determinants to bacteria of land animals and to human pathogens, and in alterations of the bacterial flora both in sediments and in the water column. The use of largeamounts of antibiotics that have to be mixed with fish food also creates problems for industrial health and increases the opportunities for the presence of residual antibiotics in fish meat and fish products. Thus, it appears that global efforts are needed to promote more judicious use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture as accumulating evidence indicates that unrestricted use is detrimental tofish, terrestrial animals, and human health and the environment. Introduction Industrial aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry in many developed and developing countries. It is expected that this growth will increase at an even faster rate in the future, stimulated by the depletion of fisheries and the market forces that globalize the sources of food supply (Goldburg et al., 2001; Goldburg andNaylor, 2005). The last 20 years have seen a fourfold growth in industrial aquaculture worldwide (Naylor et al., 2000; 2003; Naylor and Burke, 2005). This impressive industrial development has been accompanied by some practices potentially damaging to human and animal health (Goldburg and Naylor, 2005; Naylor and Burke, 2005) that include passing large amounts of veterinary drugs into theenvironment (Haya et al., 2000; Boxall et al., 2004). For example, the aquaculture of shrimp and salmon has been accompanied by an important use of prophylactic antibiotics in the aquatic environment of rivers, lakes and oceans (Grave et al., 1999; Le and Munekage, 2004; Le et al., 2005). As expected, and as has occurred in other industrial settings of animal husbandry (Angulo and Griffin, 2000; Witte,2000; Anderson et al., 2003; Angulo et al., 2004; Nandi et al., 2004), this use has resulted in an increased antibiotic resistance of bacteria in the environment (Rhodes et al., 2000a; Miranda and Zemelman, 2002a,b; Petersen et al., 2002; Alcaide et al., 2005). Moreover, this development has been accompanied by an increase of antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens (Davies et al., 1999; Rhodes et al.,2000a,b; Schmidt et al., 2000; 2001a,b; Sørum, 2000; 2006; L’Abee-Lund and Sørum, 2001). The emergence of antibiotic resistance among fish pathogens undermines the effectiveness of the prophylactic use of antibiotics in aquaculture (L’Abee-Lund and Sørum, 2001; Sørum, 2006) and increases the possibilities for passage not only of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria but also of their antibiotic...