Ensayos

Repaso Examen Final:
Capitulo 8.
* Heredity- the passing of characters from parents to offspring
* Mendel- was the first to develop rules that accurately predict patterns of heredity

Capitulo 12.
* Radiometric dating- the estimation of the age of an object by measuring its content of certain radioactive isotopes.
* Radioisotope- radioactive isotopes
* Half-life- the timeit takes for one-half of a given amount of a radioisotope to decay
* Microsphere- short chains of amino-acids can gather into tiny droplets.
* Fossil- preserved or mineralized remains or imprint of an organism that live long ago
* Cyanobacteria- photosynthetic prokaryotes
* Eubacteria- prokaryotes that contain a chemical called peptidoglycan in their cell walls
*Archaebacteria- prokaryotes that lacks peptidoglycan in their cell walls and have unique lipids in their cell membranes
* Endosymbiosis- theory that proposes that mitochondria are the descendants of symbiotic, aerobic eubacteria and chloroplasts are the descendants of symbiotic photosynthetic eubacteria.
* Protists- make up a large varied group that includes both multicellular and unicellular organisms.* Extinction- death of all membranes of a species
* Mass extinction- episode during which large numbers of species become extinct
* Arthropod- kind of animal with a hard outer skeleton, a segmented body and paired jointed limbs
* Mutualism- relationship between two species in which both species benefit
* Vertebrate- animal with a backbone
* Continental drift- movement ofEarth’s surface through geologic time

Capitulo 13.
* Natural selection- differential rate of reproduction
* Population- consists of all the individuals of a species that live in a specific geographical area and that can interbreed.
* Adaptation- an inherited trait that has become common in a population because the trait provides a selective advantage.
* Reproductive isolation-condition in which two populations of the same species do not breed one another because of geographic separation
* Gradualism- model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation
* Punctuated equilibrium- model of evolution in which period of rapid change in species are separated by periods or little or no change
* Paleontologists- scientistswho study fossils
* Vestigial structures- evidence of an organisms evolutionary past
* Homologous structure- structures that share common ancestry
* Divergence- accumulation of differences between groups
* Speciaton- process by which new species form
* Subspecies- populations of the same species that differ genetically because of adaptations to different living conditionsCapitulo 14.
* Taxonomy- the science of naming and classifying organisms
* Binomial nomenclature- two-word system for naming organisms
* Genus- taxonomic category containing similar species
* Family- in where similar genera are grouped
* Order- in where similar families are combined
* Class- in where orders with common properties are united
* Phylum- in where classes ofsimilar characteristics are assigned
* Kingdom- in where similar phyla are collected
* Domain- in where similar kingdoms are grouped
* Biological species- a group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
* Phylogeny- organisms evolutionary history
* Convergent evolution- similaritiesevolve in organisms not closely related to one another
* Analogous characters- similarities that arise through convergent evolution
* Cladistics- method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characters
* Ancestral character- with respect to two different groups, it envolve in a common ancestor of both groups
* Derived character- envolved...