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Accounting In Ancient Egypt, China, Greece and Rome
Governmental accounting in ancient Egypt developed in a fashion similar to the Mesopotamians. The use of papyrus rather than clay tablets allowedmore detailed records to be made more easily. And extensive records were kept, particularly for the network of royal storehouses within which the "in kind" tax payments were kept.
Egyptianbookkeepers associated with each storehouse kept meticulous records, which were checked by an elaborate internal verification system. These early accountants had good reason to be honest and accurate.
Althoughsuch records were important, ancient Egyptian accounting never progressed beyond simple list-making in its thousands of years of existence. Pre-Christian China used accounting chiefly as a means ofevaluating the efficiency of governmental programs and the civil servants who administered them. A level of sophistication was achieved during the Chao In the 5th century B.C., Greece used "publicaccountants" to allow its citizenry to maintain real authority and control over their government's finances. Members of the Athens Popular Assembly legislated on financial matters and controlled receiptand expenditure of public monies through the oversight of 10 state accountants, chosen by lot.
Perhaps the most important Greek contribution to accountancy was its introduction of coined money about600 B.C. Government and banking accounts in ancient Rome evolved from records traditionally kept by the heads of families, wherein daily entry of household. These household expenses were important inRome because citizens were required to submit regular statements of assets and liabilities, used as a basis for taxation and even determination of civil rights. An elaborate system of checks andbalances was maintained in Rome for governmental receipts and disbursements by the quaestors, who managed the treasury, paid the army and supervised governmental books. Public accounts were regularly...