Ingeniero

SODASORB® MANUAL OF CO2 ABSORPTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Medical Applications M-1 M-5 M-6 M-9 M-11 M-14 M-17 M-19 The Advent of Inhalation Anesthesia Sodasorb Carbon Dioxide Absorbent Physiological Factors in Carbon Dioxide Removal Anesthesia Machines The Absorber Canister Absorptive Characteristics of Sodasorb Absorbent Soda Lime Reactivity Sodasorb Carbon Dioxide Absorption Capacity

OtherApplications O-1 O-2 Properties and Applications HP Sodasorb Absorbent Characteristics Underwater Diving Equipment

Product Information P-1 P-4 P-5 P-8 P-10 Chemical and Physical Processes in Carbon Dioxide Absorption Sodasorb Carbon Dioxide Absorption Capacity Commercial Specifications Specifications and Tests for Sodasorb Absorbent U.S. Pharmacopeia XXII – National Formulary XVII RequirementsSafety, Handling and Storage S-1 S-3 S-4 Safety and Handling Considerations Storage Material Safety Data Sheet Index I-1 I-5 I-8 Bibliography and Further Reading Glossary Index

W. R. Grace & CO.-Conn., 62 Whittemore Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02140 ©1993, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 92-0700220, Second Printing
We hope the information given here will be helpful. It is based on our bestknowledge, and we believe it to be true and accurate. Please read all statements, recommendations or suggestions herein in conjunction with our conditions of sale which apply to all goods supplied by us. We assume no responsibility for the use of these statements, recommendations or suggestions, nor do we intend them as a recommendation for any use which would infringe any patent or copyright.Sodasorb is a registered trademark of W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.

Printed in the U.S.A.

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS M-1 M-5 M-6 The Advent of Inhalation Anesthesia Sodasorb Carbon Dioxide Absorbent Physiological Factors in Carbon Dioxide Removal Human Production of Carbon Dioxide Breathing Mechanisms Hypercapnia During Anesthesia Anesthesia Machines Closed Technique Semi-closed Technique Semi-openTechnique Open-Technique The Absorber Canister Absorber Unit Chambers Air Space Reserve Absorber Canister Proper Filling of the Canister The Wall Effect Channeling Absorptive Characteristics of Sodasorb Absorbent Rate of Carbon Dioxide Absorption Absorptive Capacity and Breakpoint Exothermic Heat Generation Air Flow Resistance Absorbent Dusting Soda Lime Reactivity Reactions with Common AnestheticAgents Reactions with Halogenated Compounds Carbon Monoxide Production Use with Flammable Anesthetic Agents Sodasorb Carbon Dioxide Absorption Capacity Absorbent exhaustion Indicator Potential Deactivation of Ethyl Violet Indicator Dye Color Reversion Extended Use of Absorbents

M –9

M-11

M-14

M-17

M-19

The Advent of Inhalation Anesthesia
Modern surgery would be impossible withoutthe remarkable achievements in anesthesia, beginning in the mid-1800’s. Our knowledge of scientific anesthesia will continue in the future with the exploration of new anesthetic agents, apparatus, and techniques of an ever- growing global scale. The result will be products which are safer, faster, and easier to use by health care professionals, while also fine tuned to improve overall patientsafety and comfort. In the beginning stages of anesthesia development, surgeons used physical methods to induce unconsciousness, such as blows to the head or neck and compression of the carotid arteries. In South America, narcotic analgesics of botanical origin, such as opium and cocaine, were used. The use of alcohol as an effective, but uncontrollable and unsafe, general anesthetic persisted intothe 19th century. For the most part, surgery performed in this era required nothing more than physical restraint of the patient whose only antidote against pain was to “bite the bullet.” Modern attitudes toward anesthesia began to change in the middle of the 18th century, consistent with the new political and social ideas based on the concept of the natural rights of the man. This concept found...