The 7 Standars Of Textuality

Introduction
Beaugrand and Dressler argue that a text is a communicative occurrence when it presents the seven standars of textuality: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informatibity, situationality and intertextuality.
So according to these standars I am going to analyze the text entitled “Hawai´i the Aloha State”. This text is an article which was written by Edward F.Klein. His purpose is to describe Hawai´i, its island, history, climate, tourism, etc.
Each standards will be exemplified with sentences which were extracted from the tex , besides each example will be explained.

The Historical Background of Text Linguistics
The last twenty years researches in discourse analysis and text linguistics have assumed a growing interest in a text as a unit oflanguage beyond the sentence.
Analyzing a text into levels of minimal units does not guarantee that we uncover the nature of the text. On the contrary, some components alter considerations away from the important unities that bind a text together.
According to principles of structuralism, it exists nine basic patterns to analyze sentences in a text (Abushihab, 2008)
Transformational grammar has anadvantage on the structural grammar in interpreting sentences of the same structure, but of different meanings. Besides, transformational grammar says that although some sentences have the same surface structure, they have different deep structures of meanings.
Nowadays readers pretend to understand a text and extract the required information by activating the knowledge storage in the mind.Beaugrand (1980) says that what is in fact comprehended is conceptual context.







The Seven Standars of Textuality.
A. COHESION: Halliday and Hassan (1976) consider cohesion in terms of:
1. Reference
a. Anaphoric:
“Almost all the residents are native Hawaiians, and they continue to use Hawaiian as their main language.” (Page 37, 1st column, paragraph 2, line 7)
“They” refers to theresidents.

b. Cataphoric:
“Two mountains ranges, the Wai`anae on the west (the highest point, Mount Ka`ala at 4,025 ft and the Ko`olau on the east…” (Page. 38, 1st column, paragraph 1, line 6)
The” Wai`anae” and the “Ko`olau” refers to the two mountains.

c. Exophoric:
“So began the Hawaiian monarchy, which continued until 1893…” (Page 42, 1st line, paragraph 1, line 6)
The text does nothave the meaning of monarchy but we know its meaning: it is a system of governing.

d. Personal reference, possessives, adjectives and pronouns :
“Almost all the residents are native Hawaiians hand they continue to use Hawaiian as their main language.” (Page 37, 1st column, paragraph 2, line 7)
“They” and “their” refers to all the residents.

e. Demostrative:
- Nominal:
“After about 1200A.D., travel between Hawai´i and those distant islands ended.” (Page. 41, 1st column, paragraph 2, line 13)
“Those” refers to Marquesas Islands and Tahiti.
- Neutral:
“The second largest agricultural crop historically was pineapple.” (Page 43, 2nd column, paragraph 3, line 1)


2. Substitution

a. Nominal:
“Tectonic plates gradually moved older islands toward the northwest, allowing forthe emergence of still another new one.” (Page. 36, 1st column, paragraph 1, line 6)
Original sentence: “Tectonic plates gradually moved older islands toward the northwest, allowing for the emergence of still another new island.”
This example was adapted. "One” refers to “older islands”.

3. ellipsis:
a. nominal:
“…Hawai`i has two official languages, English and Hawaiian.” (Page 35,paragraph 2, line 1)
The word “language” is omitted after English and Hawaiian

b. verbal:
“…, there occur many “life zones” which differ not only in temperature but also in rainfall…” (Page 41, 1st column, paragraph 1, line 9)
The word “differ” is omitted after the word also.
c. clausal:
“…, they were given only his hands, some bones, and other body parts that had clearly been burned.” (Page...