Técnicas De Comercio Exterior

1.-What is the CMR agreement?
The CMR agreement is applied to every contract of transport of goods by road at onerous title for a consideration by vehicles, when the loading and unloading places are situated in two different countries, of which one at least has to be the hiring country. This agreement is applied even when part of the transport is done by sea, train or airplane. In order forthe dispositions in the CMR agreement to be applied in an international transport contract by road, CMR must be printed in the contract.
International agreement on circulation of goods by road. It’s purpose is the unification of criteria in the documents that have to be used in international transport and regarding the carrier’s liability.
Convention of goods on route. It’s anagreement adopted in Ginebra (1956) that regulates the Letter of Carriage. It applyes to: Every carriage contract of goods by road when the origin and destination are situated in two different countries, of which one has to be the hiring country. It even applyes when the transport is done by sea, train or airplane.
The contract regulated by this agreement is valid when it is celebrated by word, evenif it’s necessary to be documented in a letter of carriage, of which, anyway, is not a necessary requirement for the existence and validity of the contract.


2.- What is a letter of carriage?
Letter of carriage: It’s a document that protects the goods which are transported. The transport contract must be stated as a letter of carriage, which means that it gives validity, except ifproven not to be valid, of the conditions of the contract and of the reception of the goods by the carrier.
It must include: Place and date of execution, personal data of the expeditor, of the carrier and the destinatary, place and date of the loading and unloading of the goods, description of the goods, number of packages, personal rights of the carrier, and personal rights of the consigne…It establishes the rights and obligations of the people involved:
- The expeditor must specify the conditions of delivery of the goods at time and in place and is liable in front of the carrier in case of incorrect information.
- The carrier is liable of the total or partial loss of the goods, or of the breakdown that could happen between the loading and the delivery of thegoods, and also the delay in the delivery.
- In case of loss or breakdown the consignee has a very short period to claim. This period is between one and seven days, depending on the kind of loss and the breakdown.


3.- ¿What is the Inward Processing? ¿What are they based on? ¿What kinds are there?

The Inward Processing are based on the sending of raw materials or semi elaboratedproducts from a country to another with the purpose of finishing or improving the production of these with cheaper labor or through technological advances inexistent in the country of origin. By these operations both countries obtain benefit.
“Suspension of importation rights of the goods that before being transformed in the UE will be reexported. The authorities establish the period, the totalamount that can be imported and the rate of performance”.
The Inward Processing can be active or passive:
a) It is called Active Processing when the goods bought in the international market are made in the country that uses this regime for their transformation and further re exportation in a way of compensating products, without paying rights of importation, lowering the cost ofelaboration of the obtained goods and increasing their competence outside.
b) It is called Passive Processing when the goods of a country are sent to another one in order to receive there the complementary labor before being sent again to the country of origin.

The CEE defines it as the possibility of exporting temporarily goods in order to submit them to improvement operations, obtaining...