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A second reason is that some episodes in the history of the scientific endeavor are of surpassing significance to our cultural heritage.
One reason is that generalizations about how the scientific enterprise operates would be empty without concrete examples

Italian scientist Galileo- built and used the newly invented telescope to study the sun, moon, planets, and stars-. Hepresented the new view in a form and language (Italian) that made it accessible to all educated people in his time.
German astronomer, Johannes Kepler- stationary earth and circular motion- planets naturally move in elliptical orbits at predictable but varying speeds.
Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus- the earth and planets all circled around the sun.
Egyptian astronomer, Ptolemy- perfectcircular motions- predicting the positions of the sun, moon, and stars. did not involve any physical explanations of why heavenly bodies should so move.
Aristotle: 2,000 years: The earth is stationary and is at center of the universe, and—the sun, the moon, and tiny stars move around it at constant speeds.
The planetary earth
Plate tectonics

The planetary earth
Industrial Revolution.
Thenature of disease
The evolution of species

Radioactivity and nuclear fission
The conservation of matter
Geologic time
Relativity
Universal gravitation

The emphasis here is on ten accounts of significant discoveries and changes that exemplify the evolution and impact of scientific knowledge:
Two principal reasons for including some knowledge of history
Chapter 10: HistoricalPerspectives Summary.

Issac Newton legacy had a profound effect in al sciences and social order.
Edmund Halley's- ensured by the verification- prediction, made many years earlier, that a certain comet would reappear on a particular date calculated from Newton's principles.
Isaac Newton, an English scientist- his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy- the seventeenth century- few key concepts(mass, momentum, acceleration, and force), three laws of motion (inertia, the dependence of acceleration on force and mass, and action and reaction)
Universal gravitation

Equivalence of mass and energy- E=mc2-- E stands for energy, m for mass, and c for the speed of light.- the theory of general relativity. The theory has to do with the relationship between gravity and time and space,German-born Albert Einstein- theory of relativity- space and time to be closely linked dimensions rather than, as Newton had thought, to be completely different dimensions

Relativity

Lyell took the idea of very slow change to imply that the earth never changed in sudden ways—and in fact really never changed much in its general features at all, perpetually cycling through similar sequences ofsmall-scale changes

English geologist Charles Lyell-- Principles of Geology- wealth of observations of the patterns of rock layers in mountains and the locations of various kinds of fossils- influenced Charles Darwin

Geologic time
Broke the belief that earth was some thousand years old.

Plate tectonics

In the 1960s, continental drift in the form of the theory of plate tectonics becamewidely accepted in science and provided geology with a powerful unifying concept.
Alfred Wegener- The outlines of the underwater edges of continents fit together even better than the above-water outlines; the plants, animals, and fossils on the edge of one continent were like those on the facing edge of the matching continent; and—most important—measurements showed that Greenland and Europe wereslowly moving farther apart

showed that when substances burn, there is no net gain or loss of weight. Lavoisier established the modern science of chemistry. concept of the conservation of matter-- oxidation
Antoine Lavoisier, a French scientist- conducted a series of experiments in which he accurately measured all of the substances involved in burning.
Until the eighteenth century, the...