Chinese History

FIRST TERM
1. Explain the difference between Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens sapiens
Homo sapiens was the name given to the first appearance of a true human, where man evolved millions of years ago. Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens sapiens is the name assigned to modern man. Homo sapiens sapiens is a subspecies of Homo sapiens, the onlyone that survives the entire genus Homo and hominids.

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THIRD TERM
1. Investigate and write about the mandarins, comprising:
After the Qin Empire collapsed the State of Han rose to power but kept some of the institutions of Qin. Their empire also was to be run by bureaucrats but the Han bureaucrats, called mandarins, were to be followers of the Confucian doctrines and were chosen through acompetitive examination based upon history, literature and philosophy.
The Mandarins were a privileged class and did not want anyone disturbing their status quo and endangering the system. Over the centuries the heavy hands of these bureaucrats slowed the previously dynamic society of China to a standstill and ultimately caused it to regress. 
These are just some of the technological achievementsof ancient China. There were also major early developments in mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and literature. There were also numerous inventions of less technological significance such as kites. There are some technologies that are important in China that were never adopted in the West such as bamboo scaffolding in building construction and renovation.
Chinese technology did not immediatelystagnate under the control of the Mandarins. In the fifteenth century China sent armadas of ships vastly larger than those of the Europeans. The story of the treasure fleets of the early fifteenth century is told elsewhere. Without a doubt that technology was explicitly destroyed by the Mandarins.
2. Taoism and Confucianism:
Taoism and Confucianism are two of China’s oldest and most pervasivephilosophies. They arose during roughly the same period in Chinese history, called the Hundred Schools of Thought, a time often marred by unrest and feudal strife. Both philosophies reflect this, as their overarching goals are to seek order and harmony in one’s life, relationship with society, and the universe.
Taoism is based on one of several philosophical constructs of right and wrong, light anddark, knowledge and truth called the tao (pronounced DOW, meaning “The Way”). Capital-T Taoism is based on the Tao Te Ching (“The Doctrine of the Way and its Virtue,” or something that translates roughly like that) attributed to Lao-tzu, who, if he existed, lived sometime between the seventh and fourth centuries bce. Akin to Buddhism, Taoism seeks to describe the harmonious way to relate to oneself,others, nature, and the universe. One of the head-twisty things about the Tao Te Ching is that it never specifically defines The Way. It’s a series of verses, poems, and riddles. It emphasizes control but not dominance, fluidity but not ambivalence, and mystery but not confusion. It’s full of helpful nuggets, like “Those with simple needs will find them fulfilled,” and “To glorify wealth, power,and beauty is to inspire theft, jealousy, and shame.” In its course, it’s also inspired some modern, pop culture–based philosophical treatises like The Tao of Homer (as in Simpson) and The Te [Virtue] of Piglet.
There are three different practical arts that were developed by Taoists over the last 2000 years, arts which are used in professional practice and by individuals to this day.
Confucianismis a philosophy from the same period and can be considered the other side of the Taoist coin. Confucius is the Latinized name of its founder, whose real name was the much more martial arts–sounding K’ung-Fu-tzu. His teachings and lectures are compiled in The Analects. Similar to Proverbs in the Old Testament or parables in the New, the analects depend heavily on analogy and metaphor. They stress...