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Academia in the 21st century
An analysis of trends and perspectives in higher
education and research

Harry de Boer
Jeroen Huisman
Anne Klemperer
Barend van der Meulen
Guy Neave
Henno Theisens
Marijk van der Wende

september 2002

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ContentsPart I
Academia in the 21st century
An analysis of trends and perspectives in higher
education and research

5

Part II
On Looking through the wrong end of the telescope
Being sundry observations of the state of academia in the 21st century from
an historical perspective

55

Part III
Appendix
1 Summaries
2 Matrix

3

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1

Academia in the 21st century
An analysis of trends and perspectives in higher
education and research

Harry de Boer
Jeroen Huisman
Anne Klemperer
Barend van der Meulen
Guy Neave
Henno Theisens
Marijke van der Wende

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Pagina 7Contents

Preface

9

Summary

11

1

Outline of the project

17

1.1

Introduction

17

1.2

Stakeholders

19

1.3

What we have and have not done to answer the questions

20

1.4

Trends

21

Outcomes per trend

23

2.1

23

2

Information and communication technology (ICT)

2.1.1 Introduction

23

2.1.2 Expectations regarding teaching andlearning

23

2.1.3 The future …………

23

2.1.3.1 Competition with private providers

24

2.1.3.2 Strategic implementation choices

24

2.1.3.3 Disappearance of face-to-face teaching and learning

25

2.1.4 Expectations regarding research

25

2.1.5 The future ……

26

2.1.5.1 The reliability of electronic sources
2.1.5.2 The availability of knowledge

27

Marketisationand the changed role of government

28

2.2.1 Introduction

28

2.2.2 Consequences for academia

29

2.2.3 Possible policy options

30

Globalisation, internationalisation and regionalisation

32

2.3.1 Introduction

32

2.3.2 Internationalisation of teaching

33

2.3.3 Globalisation and the role of the university

34

2.3.4 The European Research Area

35

2.3.5Changing role of national and regional governments

7

27

2.1.5.4 Unbundling the university

2.3

26

2.1.5.3 Investments in ICT infrastructure
2.2

26

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2.4

The network society/economy

37

2.4.1 Introduction

37

2.4.2 Many questions for universities

38

2.4.3 And some partialanswers

39

2.4.3.1 The organisation of research inside universities
2.5

39

2.4.3.2 Links with industry

40

The knowledge (driven) society

41

2.5.1 General changes

41

2.5.2 The epistemic role of the university

43

Socio-cultural and demographical trends

44

2.6.1 Introduction

44

2.6.2 Socio-cultural trends and the academic profession

2.6

45

2.6.3Demographical trends and human resources management 47
3

Final considerations

49

3.1

A general reflection

49

3.1.1 The role and position of stakeholders

50

Organisational change in academia

51

3.2.1 Differentiation at the system level

51

3.2.2 Differentiation at the organisational level

52

3.2.3 Excellence and diversity

52

3.2.4 Role of universitiesin the knowledge society

54

3.2

8

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Preface

Decision-makers have always been fascinated by the future. This is also the case in
the field of higher education, science and research. In this study many of those
future-oriented views related to academia have been collected. One will find a
range of visions...