Discriminacion

The Long View. Between 1 million BC and 1500 AD, world per capita gross domestic product (in 1990 dollars) changed very little: from about $90 to about $140. Nearly everyone was miserable. Between 1500 and 1900, world per capita GDP increased from $140 to $680. Most people were miserable. Between 1900 and 2000, world per capita GDP rocketed from $680 to $6,500. Is this the curse of globalization?http://www.j-bradford-delong.net.
Who's Doing Well? Who's Not? World population is now 6.1 billion. The 0.9 billion in the OECD area live comfortably ($28,000 GDP per capita, in 2000 dollars). The 1.8 billion in East Asia ($4,600) and the 0.5 billion in Latin America ($7,200) are on their way. The 1 billion in India ($1,900) are making progress. That leaves 1.9 billion living in areas whereincome is low ($2,900) and often falling—the former Soviet Union, most of Africa, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma. World Development Report 2000-01.
Winners and Losers. What do 20th century losers have in common? Virtually all of them rejected international economic links, either explicitly (the old Soviet Union, the new Burma) or implicitly (most of Africa). What do 20thcentury winners have in common? They embraced the international economy: Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Spain, Ireland, Greece…. What do 21st century starters have in common? They are joining the international economy as fast as they can: Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, China, India, Poland….
National Borders Matter Less, but They Still Matter. All economic transactions—given variables such as distance,size, income levels, and language—are denser within national borders than across national borders. This is true of trade in goods and services, capital flows, price dispersion, and migration. For example, in the 1980s, trade between the Canadian provinces was 20 times as dense as trade between the provinces and US states. National savings and national investment are still highly correlated butstate savings and state investment are practically uncorrelated. Free trade areas and customs unions reduce these "border effects". Trade densities between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and within the European Union, have almost doubled since the respective trade agreements were launched. Price dispersion is narrowing. Capital flows are probably increasing. Migration has not been muchaffected. Even so, countries (even within free trade areas) have a long way to go before inter-national economic integration approaches the degree of intra-national economic integration. John Helliwell, "Globalization: Myths, Facts, and Consequences", Benefactors Lecture, C.D. Howe Institute, October 23, 2000.
Gap between Rich and Poor Countries. It's not true that the gap between rich and poorcountries is getting wider everywhere. Poor countries that joined the international economy have narrowed the income gap with the OECD. For example, the ratio between US and Chinese GDP per capita levels dropped from 12.5 in 1980 ($18,300 vs. $1,460) to 6.2 in 1995 ($23,000 vs. $3,700). But income gaps are widening for poor countries isolated from the world economy. The ratio between US and African GDPper capita levels rose from 12 in 1960 ($11,200 vs. $930) to 16.9 in 1995 ($23,000 vs. $1,360). Angus Maddison, Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992.
Gap between Rich and Poor People. Nor is it true that growth leaves poor people behind. Based on panel data for 80 countries over 40 years, income of the poor rises one-for-one with overall growth. The effect of growth on income of the poor is nodifferent in poor countries than rich countries. International trade benefits the poor as it does the overall economy. The rise of the top decile of United States income earners in the 1990's is not representative of the world economy. Dollar & Kraay, "Growth Is Good for the Poor", World Bank, March 2000.
Per Capita Income is Highly Correlated with Economic Freedom. The Heritage Foundation...