Doctora

LINKERS AND CONNECTORS

1. STRUCTURE

|To begin with |the writer tells us that city life is |Secondly |he tells us how unhealthy it is. |
|To start with |dangerous . |In the second place | |
|In the first place ||Next | |
|Firstly | | | |
|Finally |he describes how cities cause families to |In conclusion |he says that the days of the cities are |
| |break up.|To sum up |numbered. |


2. SEQUENCE

|First (of all) |he opened the door. |Then |he looked outside. |
| | |After that | |


3. ADDING IDEAS


a. Adding adjectives within a sentence.London is (both) exciting and / as well as tiring


b. Adding nouns within sentences

|My brother |, together with his friend, is |attending university in Scotland. |
| |, as well as his friend, is | |
| |and his friend are |“And” CANNOT be usedto join sentences in |
| | |formal English |


c. Adding ideas in different sentences

|My father was a |Furthermore |he was a very good one. |
|teacher. |In addition ||
| |Not only that, | |
| |Moreover | |


4. ALTERNATIVES


a. Joining ideas within sentences:

You can have fish or meattonight
I don't like (either) meat or fish.
I like neither meat nor fish

b. Alternatives in two sentences:

I could write this text by hand. Alternatively, I could type it.


5. CONCESSION / CONTRAST


a. Within sentences

|Even though |my brother prefers country life, he lives in the city. |
|Although| |
|Whereas | |
|“But” joins main clauses, NEVER sentences in |My brother prefers country life but he lives in the city. |
|formal English. ||
|Contrasting nouns and pronouns with ideas in |In contrast to me, |my brother prefers... |
|clauses. |As opposed to me, | |
| |Unlike me, | |


b.Linker + noun phrase + ~ing-form

|In spite of |living in the city, my brother prefers … |
|Despite | |


c. Linking sentences

|I live in the country |However |I prefer city life. |
|...