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New Zealand English


The English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. The most distinctive influences on New Zealand English have come from Australian English, British English in Southern England, Irish English, Scottish English, the prestige Received Pronunciation, and the Māori language. The pre-European inhabitants of the main islands of New Zealandall spoke Māori.
There are several languages of New Zealand. English is the dominant and a de facto official language, spoken by most New Zealanders, and the country's two other de jure official languages are Māori and New Zealand Sign Language.
Despite efforts to increase the use of the language of the indigenous Maori people, English dominates all public domains – media, education,government, law. Nowadays, less than 25 per cent of Maori people can speak their language fluently and even in isolated rural areas it has virtually been replaced by English. However, a new dialect began to form by adopting Māori words to describe the different flora and fauna of New Zealand, for which English did not have any words of its own.




Pronunciation


New Zealand English is similar toAustralian English in pronunciation, with some key differences.


Vowels

• In New Zealand English the short-i of KIT is a central vowel not phonologically distinct from schwa /ə/. It thus contrasts sharply with the [i] vowel heard in Australia. Recent acoustic studies featuring both Australian and New Zealand voices show the accents were more similar before the Second World War and theKIT vowel has undergone rapid centralisation in New Zealand English. Because of this difference in pronunciation, some New Zealanders claim Australians say "feesh and cheeps" for fish and chips while some Australians counter that New Zealanders say "fush and chups"
• The short-e /ɛ/ of YES has moved to fill in the space left by /ɪ/, and it is phonetically in the region of [ɪ].
• Thephonetic quality of /ɑː/ overlaps with the quality for for /ʌ/ as in strut. The difference between the two is entirely length for many speakers.



Conditioned mergers

• The vowels /ɪə/ as in near and /eə/ as in square are increasingly being merged, so that here rhymes with there; and bear and beer, and rarely and really are homophones. This is the "most obvious vowel change taking place"in New Zealand English.





Consonants

• New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic




Other features

• As in Australian English, some New Zealanders will pronounce past participles such as grown, thrown and mown with two syllables, inserting an additional schwa /-oʊ.ən/




Spelling

• Where there is a distinct difference between British and US spelling (such ascancelling/canceling and travelled/traveled), the British spelling is universally used.
• In words that may be spelled with either an -ise or an -ize suffix (such as organise/organize) New Zealand English prefers -ise.


Usage

• New Zealanders will often reply to a question with a statement spoken with a rising intonation at the end. This often has the effect of making theirstatement sound like another question. This rising intonation can also be heard at the end of statements, which are not in response to a question but to which the speaker wishes to add emphasis. This is also heard in Australia, but are said to be more common in, and possibly originating from, New Zealand.


• In informal speech, some New Zealanders use the third person feminine she in place ofthe third person neuter it as the subject of a sentence, especially when the subject is the first word of the sentence. The most common use of this is in the phrase "She'll be right" meaning either "It will be okay" or "It is close enough to what is required". This is similar to Australian English.


Māori influence

The dominant influence of Māori on New Zealand English is lexical. During...