Gramatical Terms

Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjectival Noun
An Adjective can sometimes function as a Noun; the young, the rich, etc. These are Adjectival Nouns, meaning the people who are young, the people who are rich, etc.

Adjective
An adjective modifies a noun. It describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
ADJECTIVE RULES:
Adjectives can come before nouns: a new car
ii) Adjectives cancome after verbs such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast
iii) They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
iv) They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive

Adjuncts
An adjunct is part of a Sentence and modifies the Verb to show time, manner, place, frequency and degree. Eg: It is nearly done. ('Nearly' describes the degree to whichthe action has been done.)Eg: I go there twice a week. ('Twice a week' describes the frequency with which the action is done.)

Adverbials
An adverbial is a group of words that functions in the same way as an Adverb:
eg: Before the play, we met up in a pub near the theatre.
'Before the play' functions in the same way as an adverb of time such as Yesterday, etc.

Adverbs
Most adverbs inEnglish are formed by adding -ly to an Adjective. An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a Verb; an Adjective; another adverb; a Noun or Noun Phrase; Determiner; a Numeral; a Pronoun; or a Prepositional Phrase and can sometimes be used as a Complement of a Preposition.
ADVERB SPELLING NOTES
Adjectives ending -l still take -ly; careful-carefully.
ii) Adjectives ending -y change to -ily;lucky-luckily
iii) Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly; responsible-responsibly
ADVERB OF MANNER
Adverbs of manner modify a verb to describe the way the action is done.
EG: She did the work carefully.
('Carefully' modifies the verb to describe the way the work was done, as opposed to quickly, carelessly, etc..)
ADVERB OF PLACE or LOCATION
Adverbs of place show where the action is done.EG: They live locally.
ADVERB OF TIME
Adverbs of time show when an action is done, or the duration or frequency.
EG: He did it yesterday. (When)
They are permanently busy. (Duration)
She never does it. (Frequency)
ADVERB OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree increase or decrease the effect of the verb.
EG: I completely agree with you. (This increases the effect of the verb, whereas 'partially' woulddecrease it.)
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
An adjective can be modified by an adverb, which precedes the adjective, except 'enough' which comes after.
EG: That's really good.
It was a terribly difficult time for all of us.
It wasn't good enough. ('Enough' comes after the adjective.)
ADVERBS MODIFYING ADVERBS
An adverb can modify another. As with adjectives, the adverb precedes the one itis modifying with 'enough' being the exception again.
EG: She did it really well.
He didn't come last night, funnily enough.
ADVERBS MODIFYING NOUNS
Adverbs can modify nouns to indicate time or place.
EG: The concert tomorrow
EG: The room upstairs
ADVERBS MODIFYING NOUN PHRASES
Some adverbs of degree can modify noun phrases.
EG: We had quite a good time.
They're such good friends.
Quite;rather; such; what (What a day!) can be used in this way.
ADVERBS MODIFYING DETERMINERS, NUMERALS & PRONOUNS
Adverbs such as almost; nearly; hardly; about, etc., can be used:
EG: Almost everybody came in the end.
Articles

Articles
A, AN, and THE are called articles.
THE is the Definite Article
A and AN are both used for the Indefinite Article
"The boy" refers to a definite,particular boy, but "A boy" refers to no particular boy; it could be any boy.
When no article is used, it is sometimes referred to as the Zero Article.
Articles belong to a group of words which are known as Determiners; they restrict or specify a noun in some way.

Definite Article
'The' is the definite article is English. It is used to restrict the meaning of a noun to make it refer to something...