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English is a West Germanic language spoken originally in England, and is now the most widely used language in the world.[4] It is spoken as a first language by a majority of the inhabitants ofseveral nations, including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada,Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. It is the third most commonly spoken language in the world in terms of native speakers,afterMandarin Chinese and Spanish.[5] But it is more commonly used as a second language than any other, which is why its total number of speakers – native plus non-native – exceeds those of any other language.English is an official language of the European Union and many Commonwealth countries, as well as in many world organisations.
English arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and what is nowsouth-east Scotland, but was then under the control of the kingdom of Northumbria. Following the extensive influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, via the BritishEmpire, and of the United States since the mid-20th century,[6][7][8][9] it has been widely dispersed around the world, becoming the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in manyregions.[10][11]
Historically, English originated from the fusion of closely related dialects, now collectively termed Old English, which were brought to the eastern coast of Great Britain byGermanic (Anglo-Saxon) settlers by the 5th century – with the word English being derived from the name of the Angles, and ultimately from their ancestral region of Angeln (in what isnow Schleswig-Holstein).[12] A significant number of English words are constructed based on roots from Latin, because Latin in some form was the lingua franca of the Christian Church and of European intellectuallife.[13] The language was further influenced by the Old Norse language due to Viking invasions in the 8th and 9th centuries.
The Norman conquest of England in the 11th century gave rise to heavy borrowings...