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APPLIED SOIL MECHANICS

Applied Soil Mechanics: with ABAQUS Applications. Sam Helwany © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-79107-2

APPLIED SOIL MECHANICS
with ABAQUS Applications

SAM HELWANY

JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.

Copyright  2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published simultaneously inCanada Wiley Bicentennial Logo: Richard J. Pacifico No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, orauthorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 759-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, oronline at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Nowarranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, orother damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the U.S. at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic books. For more information aboutWiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Helwany, Sam, 1958Applied soil mechanics with ABAQUS applications / Sam Helwany. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-471-79107-2 (cloth) 1. Soil mechanics. 2. Finite element method. 3. ABAQUS. I. Title. TA710.H367 2007 624.1’5136–dc22 2006022830 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 65 4 3 2 1

To the memory of my parents

CONTENTS

PREFACE
1 PROPERTIES OF SOIL 1.1 1.2 1.3 Soil Formation / 1 Physical Parameters of Soils / 3 1.2.1 Relative Density / 7 Mechanical Properties of Soil / 8 1.3.1 Sieve Analysis / 8 1.3.2 Hydrometer Analysis / 10 Soil Consistency / 11 1.4.1 Liquid Limit / 12 1.4.2 Plastic Limit / 12 1.4.3 Shrinkage Limit / 12 Plasticity Chart / 13Classification Systems / 14 Compaction / 16

xiii
1

1.4

1.5 1.6 1.7

2 ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY 2.1 2.2 Introduction / 21 Stress Matrix / 22

21

vii

viii

CONTENTS

2.3

2.4 2.5

2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

2.10

Elasticity / 23 2.3.1 Three-Dimensional Stress Condition / 23 2.3.2 Uniaxial Stress Condition / 24 2.3.3 Plane Strain Condition / 25 2.3.4 Plane Stress Condition / 27 Plasticity /28 Modified Cam Clay Model / 28 2.5.1 Normal Consolidation Line and Unloading–Reloading Lines / 30 2.5.2 Critical-State Line / 33 2.5.3 Yield Function / 36 2.5.4 Hardening and Softening Behavior / 36 2.5.5 Elastic Moduli for Soil / 38 2.5.6 Summary of Modified Cam Clay Model Parameters / 39 2.5.7 Incremental Plastic Strains / 40 2.5.8 Calculations of the Consolidated–Drained Stress–Strain...