Ingenieria quimica

CHEMISTRY:
CHEMISTRY (from Egyptian kéme (chem.), meaning “earth”) is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it under goes during chemical reactions. Historically, modern chemistry evolved out of alchemy following chemical revolution (1773). Chemistry is a physical science related of studies of various atoms, molecules, crystalsand other aggregates of whether in isolation or combination, which incorporates the concepts of energy and entropy in relation to the spontaneity of chemical processes.
Disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the kind of study. These include inorganic matter chemistry, the study of organic matter; biochemistry, the study the substances found inbiological organisms; physical chemistry, the energy related studies of chemical systems at macro, molecular and submolecular scales; analytical chemistry, the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system.
BASIC CONSEPTSATOM: an atom is the basic unit an element. It is a collection of matter consisting of a positively charged core (the atomic nucleus) which contains protons and neutrons, and which maintains a number of electrons to balance the positive charge in the nucleus. The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain some of the chemical properties of the element, such aselectronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation states (s), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form (e.g., metallic, ionic, covalent).
ELEMENT: the concept of chemical element is related to that of chemical substance. A chemical element is characterized by a particular number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are atomsof the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their nuclei are atoms of element uranium. However, several isotopes of an element that differ from one another in the number of neutrons present in the nucleus may exist.

The most convenient presentation of the chemical element is in the periodic table of the chemical elements, which groups elements by atomic number. Due to itsingenious arrangement, groups, or columns, and periods, or rows, of element in the table either share several chemical proprieties, or follow a certain trend in characteristics such as atomic radius, electronegativity, etc.
COMPOUND:
A compound is a substance with a particular ratio of atoms of particular chemical element, which determines its composition, and a particular organization whichdetermines chemical properties. For example, water is a compound containing hydrogen in the ratio of two to one, with the oxygen between the hydrogens, and an angle of 104.5° between them. Compounds are formed and interconverted by chemical reactions.
SUBSTANCE:
A chemical substance is a kind matter with a definite composition and set of proprieties. strictly speaking, a mixture a compound, elementsor compound and elements is not a chemical substance, but it may called a chemical. Most of the substances we encounter in our daily life some kind of mixture, e. g. air, alloys, biomass, etc.
Nomenclature of substances is a critical part of the language of chemistry. Generally it refers to a system for naming chemical compounds. Earlier in the history of the chemistry substances were given nameby their discovered, which often led to some confusion and difficulty. However, today IUPAC system of chemical nomenclature allows chemists to specify by name specific compounds. Amongst the infinite variety of possible chemicals. The standard nomenclature of chemical substances is set by international union of pure and applied chemistry (IUPAC). There are well-defined systems in place for...