Quimica

English CPH E-Book

Theory of CPH
Section Ten Effective Nuclear Charge

Hossein Javadi Azad University,Tehran,Iran
Javadi_hossein@hotmail.com

Contains: Introduction Staler Rule Clementi and Raimondi There are no analyses Work is quantized Force and Energy are convertible to each other Exchange Particles in Quantum Theory Exchange Particle in CPH Theory Atom's orbits Compton Effect inAtom References

Introduction: The effective nuclear charge is the "pull" that the specific electron "feels" from the nucleus. Example; hydrogen atom contains one proton and one electron. The effective nuclear charge on electron is equal 1 in hydrogen atom. Helium contains two protons and two electrons. But there is not the effective nuclear charge equal 2 on each electron in helium atom, it isabout 1.7 units. There is some rules for calculation the effective nuclear charge in modern physics. But there are not analyses about it. According CPH Theory it is explainable how nuclear charge loses in its path from nucleus to electrons.

Staler Rule; Of the first time, Slater had give a simple rule for calculate the effective nuclear charge on any electron in any atom. Specifically,Slater's Rule determines the shielding constant which is represented by S. To determine the effective nuclear charge use this equation: Z*=Z-S Where Z* is effective nuclear charge Z atomic number.

According Staler rule you must order the configuration differently then what you are used to. Group each electron like this: (1s)(2s,2p)(3s,3p)(3d)(4s,4p)(4d)(4f)(5s,5p)(5d)(5f)...

Electrons to theright of the electron you have chosen do not contribute because they don't shield. In the same group, each electron shields 0.35. For 1s For electron in s or p, when n>1 N2 Electrons in n-2 N1 Electrons in n-1 S=0.3 S = 1.00 N2 + 0.85 N1 + 0.35 N0 N0 Electrons in calculation orbit

Example: As from a 3d perspective (Its nuclear has 33 protons);

1s2 2s2 , 2p6 3s2 , 3p6 2d10 Total

2x1=2 8x1=88x.85=6.8 10x0.35=3.5 S=20.3
Z*=Z-S=33-20.3=12.7

Clementi and Raimondi; Clementi and Raimondi did their work on effective nuclear charges in the early 1960s. By this time, there was a great deal of background work that had been done on orbital and molecules. And the computer had been invented! This gave them the ability to incorporate self-consistent field (SCF) wave functions for thehydrogen to krypton atoms into their calculations. They didn't have to rely on Slater-type orbital which, for simplicity of calculation, didn't contain nodes. They were thus able to go to a greater depth with a refined mathematical model, and this allowed Them for clearly distinguish the s-orbital from the p-orbital in determining their set of rules. Specifically, they had a better model for dealingwith electron penetration of the inner core. The results of Clementi’s method are difference of Staler's rule. For example Clementi calculated for As atom from a 3d perspective Z*=17.378 (Staler's is equal 12.7).

There are no analyses Staler's rule and Clementi's method based on experiments. There is no any analytic concept why and how the strongly of nuclear charge does lose? The effectivenuclear charge leads we have a new looking on force and relationship between force and energy. Is force perishable? If force is not perishable, why the effective of nuclear charge does change of an orbit to other orbit? What happens for the strongly of nuclear charge in during its traveling toward electrons? Is force convertible? If force is convertible, it does convert to what? When an electronaccelerates toward a proton, then energy of electron does increase. Question is that; what happens for the amount of force? According CPH theory force and energy are convertible. Force converts to energy and energy changes to force. I will explain the effective nuclear charge by CPH theory. Work is quantized; Theoretical physics and evidence show energy is quantized. Also, when force applied on a...