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CHAPTER 1 SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER EXERCISES

1.1. Some standards are frequently cited because these standards cover (1) areas in which industries are having difficulty complying, or (2) areas in which enforcement agencies are giving a great deal of attention, or both.

1.2. Many aspects about the standards might be useful. The text emphasizes the importance of the "why" behind thestandards that do exist.

1.3. No. It is an unattainable goal. Such a strategy fails to recognize the need for discrimination among hazards to be corrected.

1.4. (1) Hazards that are physically infeasible to correct.
(2) Hazards that are physically feasible, but are economically infeasible, to correct.
(3) Hazards that are physically feasible and economically feasible tocorrect.

1.5. (1) Causes other more serious hazards to be overlooked while reacting to less serious ones.
(2) Deteriorates credibility with top management.

1.6. A safety hazard is acute, causes or threatens to cause injuries, and is usually more obvious than a health hazard.
A health hazard is chronic, causes or threatens to cause illness in the long run, and is usually moresubtle than a safety hazard.

1.7. Some example safety hazards:
unguarded belts, pulleys, gears, saws, and punch presses; fires; explosions; open platforms; defective ladders; welding near open flammable or combustible materials; overloaded or defective cranes, hoists, or slings; ungrounded electrical equipment; exposed live electrical conductors.
Some example health hazards:coal dust, cotton dust, chronic loud noise, welding fumes, asbestos, vinyl chloride, lead fumes, mercury, manganese, cadmium.

1.8. Some valid examples are spray paint, coal dust, benzene, and carbon disulfide.

1.9. Some valid examples are noise, welding, and radiation.

1.10. Health hazards are usually more subtle than safety hazards; the industrial hygienist must look for"unseen" hazards.

1.11. Safety hazards may appear more grave, but there are probably many health hazard-related illnesses and deaths which are not documented.

1.12. Work training, statistics, job placement, industrial relations.

1.13. A comprehensive safety and health program involves engineering, and placement of the function within the personnel department may restrict authority toomuch.

1.14. This places the Safety and Health Manager in an adversarial position with enforcement officials.

1.15. CPSC concentrates on the responsibility of the manufacturers of the machines and equipment, whereas OSHA concentrates on the responsibility of the employer who places the equipment into use in the workplace.

1.16. (NSC) National Safety Council

1.17. ANSI(American National Standards Institute)
Prepares voluntary standards for occupational safety and health among other types of standards. OSHA adopted many ANSI standards early on, invoking its temporary right to promulgate "national consensus standards."

1.18. OSHA is concerned with hazardous exposures to workers, i.e. worker safety and health.
EPA is concerned with hazardous exposuresto the public, particularly as these hazards affect the earth, water, and atmosphere.
Many safety and health hazards inside the plant and outside are the same, or are caused by the same chemical agents or physical factors. Thus a firm's compliance with both EPA and OSHA regulations are often the responsibility of the same individual.

1.19. 1-800-35-NIOSH; the agency that responds is,obviously, NIOSH, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

1.20. Passage of The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, which created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

1.21. Prior to passage of the OSHA law occupational health seemed remote and not of a great deal of concern. Plant nurses were concerned with first aid and physical...