Top down
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Publicado: 27 de diciembre de 2010
What do we know about the listening process?
Bottom-up processes in the listening
In the bottom-up part of the listening process,we use our knowledge of language and our ability to processacoustic signals to make sense of the sounds that speech presents to us.In the other words,we use information in the speech itself to try to comprenhed the meaning.We segment speech into prases,clauses,sentences,and information patterns.At the same time,we use whatever clues are available to infer meaning from the developing speech.
During these processes of identifying sounds,imposingstructure,inferring meaning,and anticipating what comes next,memory clearly plays a crucial role.The limitations of echoic memory enable us to hold word sequences for only a few seconds and only initial analysisof the language is possible,concetrating on key words or pauses or other significant features.The load on the short-term memory is heavy as listeners try to hold various parts of the message in mindwhile inferiring meaning and deciding what is necessary to retain.If there is too much unfamiliar information and the greater part od a message can be lost.It is the gist of the spoken messege ratherthan its detailed structure that is retained and stored in the long-term memory.Memory,as an active and constructive process,is still not fully understood,but the points outlined briefly above begin tosuggest that its functioning can be facilitated though choice of texts and tasks.
Top-down processes in listening.
Top-down comprehensionstrategies involve knowledge that a listener brings to atext,sometimes called “inside the head” information,as opposed to the information that is available within the text itself.
Top-down listening,infers meanings from contextual clues and from makinglinks between the spoken message and various types of prior knowledge which listenes hold inside theis heads.
Prior knowledge has been termed schematic knowledge.This consistsd of the mental...
Bottom-up processes in the listening
In the bottom-up part of the listening process,we use our knowledge of language and our ability to processacoustic signals to make sense of the sounds that speech presents to us.In the other words,we use information in the speech itself to try to comprenhed the meaning.We segment speech into prases,clauses,sentences,and information patterns.At the same time,we use whatever clues are available to infer meaning from the developing speech.
During these processes of identifying sounds,imposingstructure,inferring meaning,and anticipating what comes next,memory clearly plays a crucial role.The limitations of echoic memory enable us to hold word sequences for only a few seconds and only initial analysisof the language is possible,concetrating on key words or pauses or other significant features.The load on the short-term memory is heavy as listeners try to hold various parts of the message in mindwhile inferiring meaning and deciding what is necessary to retain.If there is too much unfamiliar information and the greater part od a message can be lost.It is the gist of the spoken messege ratherthan its detailed structure that is retained and stored in the long-term memory.Memory,as an active and constructive process,is still not fully understood,but the points outlined briefly above begin tosuggest that its functioning can be facilitated though choice of texts and tasks.
Top-down processes in listening.
Top-down comprehensionstrategies involve knowledge that a listener brings to atext,sometimes called “inside the head” information,as opposed to the information that is available within the text itself.
Top-down listening,infers meanings from contextual clues and from makinglinks between the spoken message and various types of prior knowledge which listenes hold inside theis heads.
Prior knowledge has been termed schematic knowledge.This consistsd of the mental...
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