Ambiental

Matts Ramstorp

Contamination Control in Practice

Contamination Control in Practice. Matts Ramstorp Copyright © 2003 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-30776-0

Also of Interest: Ramstorp, M. Introduction to Contamination Control and Cleanroom Technology 1st edition 2000 168 pages ISBN 3-527-30142-9 Whyte, W. (Ed.) Cleanroom Design 2nd edition 1999 322 pages ISBN0-471-86842-6 Whyte, W. Cleanroom Technology 1st edition 2001 232 pages ISBN 0-471-86842-6 Rushton, A.; Ward, A. S.; Holdich, R. G. Solid-Liquid Filtration and Separation Technology 2nd edition 1999 602 pages ISBN 3-527-29604-2

Matts Ramstorp

Contamination Control in Practice

Dr. Matts Ramstorp BioTek Pro ab Norrbäcksgatan 19 SE-21624 Malmö Sweden

This book was carefully produced.Nevertheless, author and publisher do not warrant the information contained therein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: Applied for. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from theBritish Library. Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at .

© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form– by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper Typesetting Typomedia GmbH,Ostfildern Printing Strauss Offsetdruck, Mörlenbach Bookbinding Litges & Dopf, Heppenheim ISBN 3-527-30776-1

Contents

Preface 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5 1.5 1.5.1 1.6 1.7 1.7.1 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.2 2.2.3

XI Contamination Control 1 Introduction 1 Contamination Control ? A Holistic Technique 2 Source, Dispersion and Deposition ofContaminants 3 Dead Particles 3 Microorganisms 5 The World of Microorganisms 6 Bacteria 7 Algae 9 Fungi 9 Protozoa 10 Viruses 10 The Growth of Microorganisms 11 Growth Systems 11 Detection of Contaminants 15 Dispersion and Processes 16 Hygienic Design 18 Choice of Cleaning Technique 19 Conclusion 20 Separation 21 Introduction 21 Separation Techniques 21 Absorption Processes 22 Gas Absorption 22 LiquidAbsorption 24 The Adsorption Process 24 The Sedimentation Process 25

VI

Contents 2.2.4 2.3 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 The Filtration Process 26 Conclusion 27 Filtration Technology 29 Introduction 29 Filtration 29 Dead-end and Cross-flow Filtration 31 Different Types of Contaminants 31Conclusion 34 Microfiltration 35 Introduction 35 Coarse Filtration 35 Clarification Filtration 36 Polishing Filtration 36 Microbiological Reduction Filtration and Sterile Filtration 37 Conclusion 38 Filter Mechanisms 39 Introduction 39 Mechanical Retention 40 Surface Filters 41 Pre-coat Filters 42 Adsorptive Retention 44 Retention Due to Inertial Impacting 46 Retention Due to Diffusion Interception 46Depth-type Filters 47 Conclusion 48 Different Types of Microfiltration Filters 49 Introduction 49 The Depth Filter 49 The Membrane Filter 50 Depth Filters with Fixed and Unfixed Pore Structure 51 Particle Release 51 Fiber Release 53 Channeling 53

Contents 6.5 6.6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.4 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.5 8.6 8.6.1 8.6.2 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.9.1 8.9.2 8.9.3 8.10 9...