China

CHINA
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a natión and / or multinational entity. 
With 4,000 years of continuous history, China is one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Before the 19th century, who possessed one of the most advanced societies and economies in the world, but through successive dynasties then missed the IndustrialRevolution and began to decline. [4] [5] At 19 and 20 century, imperialism, the internal weakness and civil war damaged the country and its economy and led to the overthrow of the imperial government. 
In 1949, after major fighting ended in the Civil War China, two states that call themselves "China" emerged: 
The People's Republic of China (PRC), founded in 1949, commonly known as China, hascontrol over mainland China and the largely autonomous regions of Hong Kong (since 1997) and Macao (since 1999). 
The Republic of China (ROC), established in 1912 in mainland China, now known as Taiwan, has control over the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, the island group Pratas, and some other nearby islands. 
In the 1950s, changing economic policies in Taiwan transformed the islandinto a technology-oriented industrialized developed economies after a period of high growth rates and rapid industrialization. In mainland China in early 1970, the reforms known as the Four Modernization improve agriculture, industry, technology and defense, raising living standards and the taking of the People's Republic of China one of the great powers. [6] [7] [8] In 2011 the challenges includethe growing gap between poor and environmental degradation and rampant corruption rich. 
Historically, China's cultural sphere has extended across East Asia as a whole, with Chinese religion, customs y sistemas writing being adopted in varying degrees by neighbors such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Throughout its history, China was the source of many important inventions. [9] It also has one ofthe world's oldest written language systems. The first evidence of human presence in the region is in the Zhoukoudian cave. It is one of the earliest known specimens of Homo erectus, now known as Peking Man, it is estimated that lived between 780,000 years ago to 300,000. 
English names
The word "China" is derived from Cin (چین), a Persian name of China popularized in Europe by Marco Polo. [13][14] The first recorded use in English dates from 1555. [15] In early use, "China" as a term for porcelain was written differently from the name of the country, the two words that separate the words derived from Persian. [16] Both words are derived from the Sanskrit word Cina (चीन), [16] is used as the name of China in the year 150. [17]
There are several academic theories on the origin of thisword. The traditional theory, proposed in the 17th century by Martino Martini, is that "China" is derived from "Qin (秦, pronounced chin), the westernmost of the Chinese kingdoms during the Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty or success ( 221 - BC). 206 [18] In the Hindu scripture Mahabharata (5th century BC) [19] and Manusmṛti (Laws of Manu) (2 nd century BC), the Sanskrit word Cina (चीन) is used to refer to acountry in Tibetan-Burmese border in eastern India. [20] Another theory is that this word is derived from Yelang, an ancient kingdom in what is now Guizhou, whose people called themselves as 'zina'. [21]
Chinese names
The official name of China has changed with each dynasty, or with each new government, the imperial governments referred to themselves as the Great Qing Empire, the Great MingEmpire, etc. However, the common name remained Zhōngguó(Simplified Chinese: 中国; traditional Chinese: 中国, Mandarin pronunciation: [tʂʊŋkwɔ̌]) through dynastic changes. This is traditionally translated as "Middle Kingdom", or "central country."
Zhōngguó name first appeared in the Classic of History (6th century BC), and is used to refer to the late Zhou Dynasty, as they believed they were the...