Grammar

Grammar definition
Is traditionally subdivided into 2 different but interrelated areas of a study: MORPHOLOGY and SYNTAX. Morphology is the study of how words are formed out of smaller units. Syntax is concerned with the ways in the wich words can be conbined together to form phrases and sentences. However GRAMMAR is traditionally concerned not just with the principals wich determined theformation of word phrases and sentences but also with the principal wich govern their interpretation.
Def. Of grammar- oxford definition=the hole sistem and structure of a language or of language in general, usualy taken as consisting of syntax and morphology
Descriptive grammar
Attemps to describe the rules of the language objetively accounting for what actually occurs(including inflexons) andsometimes also phonology and semantix.
Prescriptive grammar
It is evalative guiding readers a to what is correct or incorrect.
Descriptive grammar=looks at the way a language is actually used by its spekers and then attemps to analyse it and formulate rules about the structure. It does not deal with what is good r bad language use; forms and that might not to be used by speakers of standardEnglish would be regarded as valid and included.
Prescriptive gammar=lays out rules about the structure of a language. It dealss with what grammarian believes to be right and wrong, good or bad language use, not following the rules will generate incorrect languaje.
Pedagogical grammar
Are inherently prescriptive but the best are based on accurated descriptions of current uses.
Theories of grammarSome gramatical descriptions are eclectic in drawing more than one meaning. GRAMMATICAL THEORIES make assumptions about the mature of language. Many current general theories of grammar are:
+Transformational-generative grammar +tagmanic-grammar+sistemic grammar+word grammar.
Example= “people what live in this neighbourhood”
-it is a non_standard dialect of english(descriptive grammar)
-it´sacceptable
“Little a boy the run street up” (a little boy run up the street)
-not an english sentence
-it´s not grammatically acceptable
Grammaticaly= relates to competence (underlined knowledge of the language)
Acceptability=relates to performance(actual use made of that knowledge)
Example: “Peter is happy and joan is tired and carol is angry and norman is cold”
SUBJECT
Syntactilly*theS is a NP
*it occurs with all types of verbs
*subject pronoun are in the NOMINATIVE CASE(he,it)
*Accuseative Forms (him,her) are used as object
*the S precedes the VP (ecept in clauses INVERSION: ts)
*the determiners the number of the VP (sing o pl)
*the S NP of a TRANSITIVE verb can be moved after the verb, preceded by “by”=SVO(Ov(S) PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION
OBJECT (O)
_it is a NP/itusually follows the verb
_it only occurs with transitive verbs
_on object pronoun is the accusitive case
_the object NP a trans. Verb can be moved to become sobject of the corresponding passive clause
VALENCY PATTERN:*monotransitive: O*ditransitive: Oi/Od*Complextransitive-->Od/Co>Od_Adw Oblig
A)Direct Objects: it generally follows immediate after the verb
B)Indirect Objects: it occurs afterditransitive verbs and comes before Od. They may become the S of a passive clause or sentence. As for their semantic role, Oi generally denote people receiving sthg or benefiting from the action of the verb.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
*head: adjective
*modifiers can preceder or follow the adjective
*complements
Roles of Adj. Phrases_ATTRIBUTIVE adj: before a noun _PREDICATIVE adj: after a verb.
VERBPHRASES:
*head: lexical verb or primary verb= main verb
*auxiliaries verbs.
*FINITE vPs:_Show tense distinction(present-past)_Can include modal auxiliaries.
NON_FINITE VPs(don´t show tens distinction and can´t accur with auxiliaries.
VP(_Refer to “state” or “action”_Are split into two parts in questions_Can be interrupted by adverbs or adverbials.
NOUN PHRASES:
*Head: noun (proper...