Control Integrado De Parásitos

Integrated control programs for ticks on cattle: an
examination of some possible components
FAO animal production and health paper

Nicholas N. Jonsson
School of Veterinary Science,
University of Queensland, Q 4072
Australia
n.jonsson@uq.edu.au

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
APPROACHES TO THE CONTROL OF TICKS
HOST RESISTANCE
Mechanisms of Resistance
Factors affecting resistance to ticks
Selecting among breed and species
Selecting within breed
Markers for resistance to ticks
Resistance against tick-borne diseases
GROOMING
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TO REDUCE TICKINFESTATIONS
VACCINATION AGAINST TICKS
The Bm86 vaccine
Other potential vaccine candidates for B. microplus
Vaccines against other species: current situation
VACCINATION AGAINST TICK-BORNE DISEASES
Babesiosis
Anaplasmosis
Theileriosis
Heartwater: Ehrlichia (Cowdria) ruminantium
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Pathogens
Predators and Parasitoids
Infertile hybrids
BIOPESTICIDES
Fungal BiopesticidesREPELLENT OR LETHAL PASTURES
PLANT EXTRACTS AND OTHER LOCAL (ETHNO VETERINARY) TREATMENTS
Kupetaba: tobacco leaves and Magadi soda
MODELING AND FORECASTING
EXAMPLES OF INTEGRATED TICK CONTROL
In Africa
In Latin America
In Australia
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION
Ticks and tick-borne diseases can have a devastating effect on livestock production. Over the
last one hundred years their control has been based on the regularapplication of acaricides.
Although constantly evolving resistance to acaricides, the development of new, synthetic
products has kept pace until now. Unfortunately for many resource-poor livestock owners, the
newer acaricides are relatively much more expensive than those that were used in the past. For
livestock producers in more affluent regions of the world, there is a trend toward minimisingacaricide and other drug use in the interests and safety of the consumer, safety of workers in
animal industry, and safety to the environment.
Integrated control for ticks has been described as a series of complementary control
measures that will allow cattle of high potential productivity to be kept successfully in areas
endemic or epidemic for ticks and tick borne diseases (Young et al.,1988). The methods
should be robust, simple, cheap and flexible and should not be much more expensive than
conventional methods already in use. It has been described as evolving from a “more or less
academic realisation that classical intensive tick control (using synthetic acaricides) … is
uneconomic … and dangerous in terms of loss of enzootic stability. In addition its use has
perpetuatedpolicies of using inappropriate cattle breeds…” (Tatchell, 1992). Equally
important to the potential loss of enzootic stability to tick-borne diseases is the potential loss
of efficacy of the existing acaricides due to increasing frequency of ticks resistant to
acaricides.
This review paper is an attempt to evaluate the possible components of integrated control
programs for ticks of livestock.Because of the nature of research in this area, the emphasis is
on cattle. An important shortcoming of this review paper is that it does not address the
integration of control methods for different parasitic diseases. The frequency of concurrent
multiple infestations in livestock in tropical countries has been well documented. Similarly, as
broad-spectrum endectocides are increasingly used,...