Cultural dimensions
CARLOS MOTA
_Basic Cultural Orientations :
_Fundamental ways of defining reality
_Underlying, taken-for-granted normative system_Prevailing value emphases in society express
cultural orientations most directly
_Values are underlying conceptions of good &
desirable
_Value emphases are expressed in daily practices,
ways ofthinking and ways institutions function .
_Value emphases generate, justify and support societal
institutions
All societies confront basic problems in regulating
human activity
_Societalresponses to basic problems emphasize
certain values and sacrifice others (cf. Inglehart, Hofstede_ )
Cultural value orientations shape contingencies to
which individuals adapt in daily life_Help determine the individual behaviors, attitudes,
and value preferences likely to be ,viewed as more or less legitimate encouraged or discouraged
_Hence individuals
_share many value-relevantexperiences
_socialized to take for granted shared social values
Is the country a legitimate cultural unit?
_Countries are rarely homogeneous subcultures based on ethnicity, age,religion,gender, etc.
_Findings may depend on subgroup sampled
_Forces for integration in established countries
-- market, school, government, symbols
Are individuals good culture informants?_Individuals have unique experiences, unique
genetic makeup & personality
_Hence individual differences in personal values
_But individual differences do not affect average
_Average reflectsexposure to same culture
_Cultural orientations are implicit, not known
_Discern them from their effects on values of individuals
Harmony vs. Mastery
Issue: Regulate use of human andnatural resources
_ HARMONY: Groups and individuals
should fit harmoniously into the natural
and social world, avoiding change and
self-assertion to modify them
.
_ MASTERY: Groups and...
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