Dibujo Tecnico
Páginas: 6 (1464 palabras)
Publicado: 3 de noviembre de 2012
Universidad de Oriente
Núcleo de Monagas
Departamento Socio-Humanístico
Unidad de Cursos Básicos
Inglés II
Getting Oil to the Costumer
Profesor: Bachilleres
Alejandro Rodriguez Rendon, Katherine. CI. 23651720
Teresén, Edgar. CI. 21351076
Maturín, Junio de 2012
The extraction of petroleum is the process by whichusable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth.
Locating the oil field.
Geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs. The "classic" method includes making an underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response that provides information about the geological structures under the ground [1]. However, "passive" methods thatextract information from naturally-occurring seismic waves are also known.[1]
Other instruments such as gravimeters and magnetometers are also sometimes used in the search for petroleum. Extracting crude oil normally starts with drilling wells into the underground reservoir. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist (known on the rig as the "mudlogger") will note its presence. Such a "mudlogger"is known to be sitting on the rig. With these zones safely isolated and the formation protected by the casing, the well can be drilled deeper.
To drill the well
▪ The drill bit, aided by the weight of thick walled pipes called "drill collars" above it, cuts into the rock. There are different types of drill bit; some cause the rock to disintegrate by compressive failure, while others shearslices off the rock as the bit turns.
▪ Drilling fluid, a.k.a. "mud", is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe and exits at the drill bit. Drilling mud is a complex mixture of fluids, solids and chemicals that must be carefully tailored to provide the correct physical and chemical characteristics required to safely drill the well.
▪ The generated rock "cuttings" are swept up by the drillingfluid as it circulates back to surface outside the drill pipe. The fluid then goes through "shakers" which strain the cuttings from the good fluid which is returned to the pit.
▪ The pipe or drill string to which the bit is attached is gradually lengthened as the well gets deeper by screwing in additional 30-foot (9 m) sections or "joints" of pipe under the Kelly or topdrive at the surface.This process is called making a connection. Usually, joints are combined into three joints equaling one stand. Some smaller rigs only use two joints and some rigs can handle stands of four joints.
Production.
The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life, when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigs used to drill and completethe well have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or Production trees. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed. From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply theproduct to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.
As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the production tree is all that is required to produce the well. If the pressure depletes and it is considered economically viable, an artificial lift method mentioned in the completions section can be employed.
Cost.
The cost of a welldepends mainly on the daily rate of the drilling rig, the extra services required to drill the well, the duration of the well program (including downtime and weather time), and the remoteness of the location (logistic supply costs).
The daily rates of offshore drilling rigs vary by their capability, and the market availability. Rig rates reported by industry web service[8]show that the deepwater...
Núcleo de Monagas
Departamento Socio-Humanístico
Unidad de Cursos Básicos
Inglés II
Getting Oil to the Costumer
Profesor: Bachilleres
Alejandro Rodriguez Rendon, Katherine. CI. 23651720
Teresén, Edgar. CI. 21351076
Maturín, Junio de 2012
The extraction of petroleum is the process by whichusable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth.
Locating the oil field.
Geologists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs. The "classic" method includes making an underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response that provides information about the geological structures under the ground [1]. However, "passive" methods thatextract information from naturally-occurring seismic waves are also known.[1]
Other instruments such as gravimeters and magnetometers are also sometimes used in the search for petroleum. Extracting crude oil normally starts with drilling wells into the underground reservoir. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist (known on the rig as the "mudlogger") will note its presence. Such a "mudlogger"is known to be sitting on the rig. With these zones safely isolated and the formation protected by the casing, the well can be drilled deeper.
To drill the well
▪ The drill bit, aided by the weight of thick walled pipes called "drill collars" above it, cuts into the rock. There are different types of drill bit; some cause the rock to disintegrate by compressive failure, while others shearslices off the rock as the bit turns.
▪ Drilling fluid, a.k.a. "mud", is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe and exits at the drill bit. Drilling mud is a complex mixture of fluids, solids and chemicals that must be carefully tailored to provide the correct physical and chemical characteristics required to safely drill the well.
▪ The generated rock "cuttings" are swept up by the drillingfluid as it circulates back to surface outside the drill pipe. The fluid then goes through "shakers" which strain the cuttings from the good fluid which is returned to the pit.
▪ The pipe or drill string to which the bit is attached is gradually lengthened as the well gets deeper by screwing in additional 30-foot (9 m) sections or "joints" of pipe under the Kelly or topdrive at the surface.This process is called making a connection. Usually, joints are combined into three joints equaling one stand. Some smaller rigs only use two joints and some rigs can handle stands of four joints.
Production.
The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life, when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and workover rigs used to drill and completethe well have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a Christmas tree or Production trees. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed. From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply theproduct to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.
As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the production tree is all that is required to produce the well. If the pressure depletes and it is considered economically viable, an artificial lift method mentioned in the completions section can be employed.
Cost.
The cost of a welldepends mainly on the daily rate of the drilling rig, the extra services required to drill the well, the duration of the well program (including downtime and weather time), and the remoteness of the location (logistic supply costs).
The daily rates of offshore drilling rigs vary by their capability, and the market availability. Rig rates reported by industry web service[8]show that the deepwater...
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