Diseño Ambiental De Procesos

a b s t r a c t
This paper briefly reviews the literature work reported on the environmentally compatible green energetic materials (GEMs) for defence and space applications. Currently, great emphasis is laid in the field of high-energy materials (HEMs) to increase the environmental stewardship along with the deliverance of improved performance. This emphasis is especially strong in the areas ofenergetic materials, weapon development, processing, and disposal operations. Therefore, efforts are on to develop energetic materials systemsunder the broad concept of green energetic materials (GEMs) in different schools all over the globe.
The GEMs program initiated globally by different schools addresses these challenges and establishes the framework for advances in energetic materialsprocessing and production that promote compliance with environmental regulations. This review also briefs the principles of green chemistry pertaining to HEMs, followed by the work carried out globally on environmentally compatible green energetic materials and allied ingredients.

Introduction
Green chemistry is a topic of interest that is receiving significant attention in recent years due to theimportance of environmental issues and has an important goal of making synthesis methods more environmentally benign. Researchers in the field of chemistry have to practice sustainable development, industrial ecology, cleaner synthesis processes, and life-cycle analysis in addition to the new approaches. According to Sheldon [1] green chemistry is all about ‘efficiently using (preferablyrenewable) raw materials, eliminating waste and avoiding the use of toxic and/or hazardous reagents and solvents in the manufacture and application of chemical products’.
1.1. Principles of green chemistry
The importance of use of green processes in any chemical industry greatly contributes [2] effectively in the (a) prevention of waste formation, (b) increased consumption of reactants, (c) utilizationof less toxic reactants and solvents, (d) enhancement of atom economy in the reaction, (e) use of ambient reaction conditions (ambient pressure and temperature), (f) recycling of raw material and (g) in avoiding the formation of hazardous materials and minimization of hazards and risks. These green principles will help the chemists to carry out their work in a safer and cleaner way.
Further, greenchemistry has been extended to help the process chemists, chemical engineers/technologists/scientists, to make a process more eco-friendly [3,4]. The green chemistry principles basically concerned more about the process operations; identification and quantification of products, conversions, selectivity and productivities, mass balance for processes, catalyst and solvent losses in air and aqueouseffluent, thermochemistry, heat and mass transfer limitations, development and application of sustainability measures, incompatibility of safety and waste minimization, monitoring and reporting laboratory waste emitted [5,6]. Sikdar and Howell recently reported [7], some of the engineering approaches for cleaner nitration reaction in the chemical process. According to authors, the reaction couldbe made more eco-friendly and green by devising a method of purifying waste acid and using state of the art engineering techniques to batch nitration by optimizing agitation speed, temperature, and water removal. The important factors/goals green chemists need to consider in the area of energetic materials/processes are (i) to minimize life-cycle waste generation during manufacture, testing,proofing, and storage (ii) minimize polluting combustion products generated during the utilization of the ammunitions. About 40% of waste production is generated during manufacture. The strategy adopted to achieve these goals is multi-pronged: (i) assess the environmental issues associated with HEMs to identify major areas of concern, (ii) adopt a paradigm shift in the selection of binders for...