Diseño De Procesos

Durango Institute of Technology

Chemical Engineering
Process Design I
Professor:
Dr. Joaquin Pinto Espinoza
Student:
Nefertiti Munguia Triana 09041160
Process Design I
27, 28/August/2012
Synthesis of separation
Synthesis energy integration
synthesis reaction

Power
Environmental
Quality
Control

Reagents
Products

Urea Synthesis
N2 + 3H22NH3 | Haber Reaction |
NH3 + 2O2 NO3 + H2O | AmmoniaOxidation |
NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 | Nitric AcidAmmoniaReaction |

CO2 + 2NH3 NH4CO2NH2 |
NH4CO2NH2 NH2CONH2 + H2O |

Phenol Synthesis
* Sulfonation process
H6C6 + H2SO4 C6H5SO3H + H2O |
C6H5SO3H + 3NaOHC6H5-ONa + Na2SO4 + 2H2O |
C6H5-ONa + CO2 + H2O C6H5OH + NaHCO3 |

* Chlorobenzene process
C6H5-Cl + 2NaOH C6H5-ONa + NaCl + H2O |
C6H5-ONa + HCl C6H5-OH + NaCl |

* Catalytic process
C6H6 + HCl + ½ O2 C6H5-Cl + H2O |
C6H5Cl + H2O C6H5-OH + HCl |
*Oxidation toluene process
C6H5-CH3 + 3/2 O2 C6H5-COOH + H2O |
C6H5-CH3 + ½ O2 C6H5-OH + CO2 |

* Cumene hydroperoxide process
C6H5[CH(CH3)2] + O2 C6H5C(CH3)2OOH |
C6H5C(CH3)2OOH C6H5-OH + CH3(CO)CH3 |
30/August/2012
Consumer production analysis
The production of vinyl chloride (the basisof all synthetic fibers), is carried out from chlorine and ethylene agree to the following reactions:
C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 | (1) |
C2H4Cl2 C2H3Cl + HCl | (2) |

The uses of these reactions generate hydrochloric acid as by-products other desired product (vinyl chloride). If there is no market for this hydrochloric acid may be reused agree to thereaction:
2HCl + ½ O2 + Cl2 H2O + Cl2 | (3) |

Cost data reported in the "chemical marketing newspaper" reported the following data:
Species | U$/lb (1971) |
Ethylene | .03 |
Chlorine | .04 |
C2H3Cl | .05 |
O2 | --- |

| C2H4 | Cl2 | C2H4Cl2 | C2H3Cl | HCl | O2 | H2O |
Rxn1 | -1 | -1 | 1 | | | | |
| 2 | 2 | 2 | | | | |
Rxn2 | | | -1 | 1| 1 | | |
| | | 2 | 2 | 2 | | |
Rxn3 | | | | | -2 | - ½ | 1 |
| | | | | | | |

GlobalEquation | -1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | -1 | - ½ | 1 |

C2H4 + HCl + ½ O2 C2H3Cl + H2O |
Buy HCl, requires 2 moles |

GlobalEquation | -2 | -1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | - ½ | 1 |

2C2H4 + Cl2 + ½ O2 2C2H3Cl + H2O |
Buy Cl, ischeaper |

Gross profit= Product costs – Reagent costs

Gross profit= 2 lbmol C2H3Cl62.5 lb C2H2Cllbmol C2H3Cl0.05 U$lb C2H3Cl-2 lbmol C2H4 28 lb C2H4lbmol C2H40.03 U$ lb C2H4+ 1 lbmol Cl2 71 lb lbmol Cl20.04 U$lb Cl2
Gross Profit=1.73 dllrs / 125lb C2H3Cl
03/September/2012
Solvay process
Unfortunately the following reaction does not occur directly because they require large amounts ofsodium carbonate to the manufacture of glass, paper and other products;
CaCO3 + NaCl Na2CO3 + CaCl2 |

Ernest Solvay circuit developing the following reactions to obtain soda ash (sodium carbonate);
1. Calcium carbonate calcinations
At 1000 ° C decomposes CaCO3 in “limo” (calcium oxide) and CO2.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 |

2. Limo HydrationThe addition of limo to water produces a solution called "milk of limo".
CaO + H2O Ca[OH]2 |

3. Ammonia production
The addition of ammonium chloride to the "milk of lime" liberates ammonia and calcium chloride produced.
Ca[OH]2 + NH4Cl NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O |

4. Ammonia absorption
The absorption of ammonia in water produces ammonia...