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KEY TERMS
Athenian Slave Economy – slavery not based on race and not permanent; slaves could buy their freedom. Slavery was helping the reproduction of oligarchy and not of democracy. Since slave-ownership was a function of the distribution of income and wealth, the rich (who owned more slaves to do work for them) had more time at their disposal for office duties, or even for participation inthe Assembly of the People.

“Democracy Marginalizes the Wise” – criticism of classical democracy by Plato. Wise represent a small portion of society who are experts but are overpowered by the voice and numbers of the majority, especially since classical democracy gives everyone an equal vote and voice.

Social Contract – the view that person’s moral and/or political obligations are dependentupon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live/ Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate (or to the decision of a majority), in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. The question of the relationbetween natural and legal rights, therefore, is often an aspect of social contract theory.

State of Nature – seen by most thinkers as a time of anarchy; the state of nature is the state that preceded governments. The time-period before the establishment of government, which political philosophers call the "state of nature," however, is regarded in the modern scientific era not only as hypothetical butactual. Societies existing before or without a political state are currently studied in such diverse fields as archaeology, cultural anthropology, social anthropology, and ethnology, which investigate the social and power-related structures of indigenous and uncontacted peoples living in tribal communities.

Factions – From James Madison; a group of individuals, such as a political party orother group with a common political purpose, whose members band together as a way of achieving these goals and advancing their agenda and position within an organization; Madison argued that factions are inevitable and sown in the nature of man and can commonly emerge out of the unequal distribution of property

Principle of Utility – From Jeremy Bentham; recognizes the fundamental role of pain andpleasure in human life; approves or disapproves of an action on the basis of the amount of pain or pleasure brought about by it; equates good with pleasure and evil with pain; asserts that pleasure and pain are capable of being measured

Mode of Production – From Karl Marx; the essential structure of a society, broken down into relations and forces of production; these modes specify thedominant way in which surplus production is extracted and appropriated; current mode of production is capitalism, next is socialism, followed by communism

Role of Bureaucracy in Modern State – plays a crucial role because of the complexity of modern states; linked to problems of coordination created by modern economic systems and mass citizenship; bureaucracy is not just gov’t, but also corporations,unions, political parties, universities, hospitals, etc; bureaucracy is inherently undemocratic; three key elements of modern state: territoriality, violence, and legitimacy; state preceded capitalism

Pluralism – theory of politics that focuses on the interaction of groups to explain the “reality” of Politics
Neo-Pluralism (Dahl, 1985) - takes into account unequal economic resources, biastowards corporatist agenda, group formation and resource issues

Differences between them Views differed about the division of power in democratic society. Although neo-pluralism sees multiple pressure groups competing over political influence, the political agenda is biased towards corporate power. Neo-pluralism no longer sees the state as an umpire mediating and adjudicating between the...