Handbook del gas natural

N a t u r a l

G a s

E n g i n e e r i n g

H a n d b o o k

Dr. Boyun G u o and D r . AIi Ghalambor

University of Louisiana at Lafayette

Natural Gas Engineering Handbook Copyright © 2005 by Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the prior written permission of the publisher.HOUSTON, TX: Gulf Publishing Company 2 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1020 Houston, TX 77046

AUSTIN, TX: 427 Sterzing St., Suite 104 Austin, TX 78704

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guo, Boyun.

Natural gas engineering handbook / Boyun Guo, A I i Ghalambor. p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-9765113-3-9 (acid-free paper) 1.Natural gas-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Petroleum engineering-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Ghalambor, AIi. II. Title. TN88O.G86 2005 665.7-dc22 2OO5OO5O72

Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper. °° Text design and composition by TIPS Technical Publishing, Inc.

This book is dedicated to the families of the authors for their understanding and encouragement that wereas responsible as the experience and knowledge that have been inscribed herein.

Preface

It is well recognized that the nineteenth century was a century of coal that supported the initiation of industrial revolution in Europe. The twentieth century was the century of oil that was the primary energy source to support the growth of global economy. The demand of the world's economy for energy isever increasing. The energy disruptions should be a genuine concern. It will likely cause chronic energy shortage as early as 2010. It will eventually evolve into a serious energy crunch. The way to avoid such a crunch is to expand energy supply and move from oil to natural gas and, eventually, to hydrogen. Natural gas is the only fuel that is superior to other energy sources in economicattractiveness and environmental concerns. At the end of the last century, natural gas took over the position of coal as the number two energy source behind oil. In 2000, total world energy consumption was slightly below 400 quadrillion (10 15 ) Btu. Of this, oil accounted for 39 percent, while natural gas and coal provided 23 percent and 22 percent, respectively. It is a historical imperative that thetransition from oil to natural must be made in the early twenty-first century. This is not only motivated by environmental considerations but also technological innovations and refinements. The consumption of natural gas in all end-use classifications (residential, commercial, industrial, and power generation) has increased rapidly since World War II. Natural gas is one of the major fossil energysources. It provided close to 24 percent of U.S. energy sources over the three-year period of 2000 to 2002. There has been a huge disparity between "proven" reserves and potential reserves of natural gases. Even in the case of the highly mature and exploited United States, depending upon information sources, the potential remaining gas reserve estimates varies from 650 Tcf to 5,000 Tcf. Provednatural gas reserves in 2000 are about 1,050 Tcf in the Unites States and 170 Tcf in Canada. On the global scale, it is more difficult to give a good estimate of natural gas reserves. Major natural gas reserves are found in the former Soviet Union, Middle East, Asia Pacific, Africa, North America, Southern and Central America, and Europe.

Natural gas engineering has supported the natural gasindustry since the birth of the industry. Although the principles of natural gas engineering have been documented in numerous books, most of them do not reflect the current practice in the natural gas industry where computer applications play a crucial role in engineering design and analyses. This book fills the gap. This book is written primarily for natural gas production and processing engineers...