Some, any, much, a lot of

Some
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Consisting of a greater or less portion or sum; composed of a quantity or number which is not stated; -- used to express an indefinite quantity or number; as, some wine; some water; some persons. Used also pronominally; as, I have some.
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A certain; one; -- indicating a person, thing, event, etc., as not known individually, or designated more specifically; as, some man, thatis, some one man.
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Not much; a little; moderate; as, the censure was to some extent just.
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About; near; more or less; -- used commonly with numerals, but formerly also with a singular substantive of time or distance; as, a village of some eighty houses; some two or three persons; some hour hence.
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Considerable in number or quality.
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Certain; those of one part or portion;-- in distinct from other or others; as, some men believe one thing, and others another.
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A part; a portion; -- used pronominally, and followed sometimes by of; as, some of our provisions.

Any
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One indifferently, out of an indefinite number; one indefinitely, whosoever or whatsoever it may be.
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Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number; as, are there any witnessespresent? are there any other houses like it?
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To any extent; in any degree; at all.

Many
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A retinue of servants; a household.
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Consisting of a great number; numerous; not few.
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The populace; the common people; the majority of people, or of a community.
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A large or considerable number.

Much
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Great in quantity; long in duration; as, much rain has fallen; muchtime.
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Many in number.
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High in rank or position.
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A great quantity; a great deal; also, an indefinite quantity; as, you have as much as I.
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A thing uncommon, wonderful, or noticeable; something considerable.
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To a great degree or extent; greatly; abundantly; far; nearly.

Lot
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That which happens without human design or forethought; chance; accident;hazard; fortune; fate.
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Anything (as a die, pebble, ball, or slip of paper) used in determining a question by chance, or without man's choice or will; as, to cast or draw lots.
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The part, or fate, which falls to one, as it were, by chance, or without his planning.
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A separate portion; a number of things taken collectively; as, a lot of stationery; -- colloquially, sometimes ofpeople; as, a sorry lot; a bad lot.
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A distinct portion or plot of land, usually smaller than a field; as, a building lot in a city.
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A large quantity or number; a great deal; as, to spend a lot of money; lots of people think so.
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A prize in a lottery.
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To allot; to sort; to portion.

1. Some (algunos, algunas) refiere una cantidad indefinida (cierto número de...) seusa en las frases afirmativas y las interrogativas cuando se espera una respuesta afirmativa:
Leave us some apples / Déjanos algunas manzanas.
I have some money / Tengo algo de dinero
Would you like some coffee? / Quiéres un poco de café?
Some puede ser sustituido por las siguientes expresiones:
a) 'A little', con sustantivos singulares que carecen de plural (tea, sugar, coffee, water):
Ihave a little tea / Tomo un poco de té
b) 'A few', con sustantivos en plural:
I have a few books about Mexico / Tengo algunos libros sobre México
2. Any, puede usarse en frases interrotativas (cantidad indefinida) o negativas (en este caso expresa la ausencia de cantidad). En el caso de las frases interrogativas, a diferencia de 'some', no se espera una respuesta afirmativa (podemos esperar tantouna respuesta afirmativa como negativa).
Are there any Argentinians here? / ¿Hay algún argentino aquí?
There isn't any problem / No hay ningún problema
En las frases afirmativas any significa cualquier:
Bring me any book you can find / Tráeme cualquier libro que puedas encontrar
3. No tiene valor negativo y exige por lo tanto el uso del verbo en forma afirmativa:
I bought no potatoes...