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APA Style Guide

Electronic References

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Electronic Media

APA STYLE GUIDE TO ELECTRONIC REFERENCES

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Copyright © 2007 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not limited to, theprocess of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by American Psychological Association 750 First Street, NE Washington, DC 20002 www.apa.org To order APA Order Department P.O. Box 92984 Washington, DC 20090-2984 Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510 Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123Online: www.apa.org/books/ E-mail: order@apa.org Typeset in Minion Display and Memphis by Circle Graphics, Columbia, MD Compiled by Susan Herman Technical Editing and Design Supervisor: Anne W. Gasque Senior Editorial Supervisor: Elaine Michl Editorial Supervisor: Anne Hill Production Manager: Jennifer L. Macomber

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Contents

Electronic Media
Elements toInclude in References to Electronic Sources Understanding a URL 5 Using the Archival Copy or Version of Record 6

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Example References
Journal Articles 1. Article with DOI assigned 7 2. Article with no DOI assigned 7 3. Preprint version of article 8 4. In-press article, retrieved from institutional or personal Web site 8 5. Manuscript in preparation, retrieved from institutional or personalWeb site 9 Electronic Books 6. Entire book 10 7. Book chapter 10 Dissertations and Theses 8. Thesis retrieved from database 10 9. Dissertation retrieved from institutional or personal Web site 11 10. Dissertation defense 11

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Abstracts 11. Abstract as original source 12 12. Abstract submitted for meeting, symposium, or poster session 12 13. Abstract from secondary source 12Bibliographies 14. Bibliography from Web site 13 15. Bibliography from courseware 13 16. Bibliography as book chapter 13 Curriculum and Course Material 17. Curriculum guide 14 18. Lecture notes 14 Book Reviews and Journal Article Commentaries 19. Book review 14 20. Journal article peer commentary, no title 14 21. Peer commentary, titled 15 Reference Materials 22. Online encyclopedia 15 23. Online dictionary 1524. Online handbook 15 25. Wiki 16 Raw Data 26. Data set 16 27. Graphic representation of data 28. Qualitative data 17

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Computer Programs, Software, and Programming Languages 29. Software downloaded from Web site 17 Gray Literature 30. Annual report 18 31. Fact sheet 19

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APA STYLE GUIDE TO ELECTRONIC REFERENCES

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32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

Consumerbrochure 19 Public service announcement 19 Conference hearing 19 Presentation slides 20 Technical or research report 20 Press release 20 Policy brief 20 Educational standards 21 White paper 21 Newsletter article 21

General Interest Media and Alternative Presses 42. Newspaper article 22 43. Television feature, podcast 22 44. Audio podcast 22 45. Online magazine content not found in print versionUndated Content on Web Site 46. Article on Web site, no date

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Online Communities 47. Message posted to a newsgroup, online forum, or discussion group 23 48. Message posted to an electronic mailing list 24 49. Weblog post 24 50. Video Weblog post 24

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APA STYLE GUIDE TO ELECTRONIC REFERENCES

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Electronic Media

Researchers can now access electronically many of thesame types of authoritative, current sources previously available only in print or other fixed media (i.e., microfilm, DVD, CD-ROM). Reference works, as well as library catalogs at one’s own institution and around the world, can be found on the Internet. Many electronic research databases contain or link to full-text content of journal articles and gray literature. Communications posted to online...