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Chapter 20. Thermodynamics


The First Law of Thermodynamics

20-1. In an industrial chemical process, 600 J of heat is supplied to a system while 200 J of work is done BY the system. What is the increase in the internal energy of the system?

Work done BY the system is positive, heat INTO a system is positive. Apply first law:

ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW; ΔQ = 600 J; ΔW = 200 JΔU = ΔQ - ΔW = 600 J – 200 J; ΔU = 400 J



20-2. Assume that the internal energy of a system decreases by 300 J while 200 J of work is done bv a gas. What is the value of Q? Is heat lost or gained by the system?

ΔU = -300 J; ΔW = +200 J; ΔQ = ΔQ + ΔW

ΔQ = (-300 J) + (200 J) = - 100 J; Heat Lost: ΔQ = -100 J

20-3. In a thermodynamic process, the internal energy of thesystem increases by 500 J. How much work was done by the gas if 800 J of heat is absorbed?

ΔU = +500 J; ΔQ = +800 J; ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW

ΔW = ΔQ - ΔU = 800 J – 500 J; ΔW = 300 J

20-4. A piston does 3000 ft lb of work on a gas, which then expands performing 2500 ft lb of work on its surroundings. What is the change in internal energy of the system if net heat exchange is zero? [Assume ΔQ = 0, then ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW = 0 and ΔU = -ΔW ]

ΔU = -(Workout – Workin) = -(2500 ft lb – 3000 ft lb); ΔU = + 500 ft lb = 0.643 Btu

20-5. In a chemical laboratory, a technician applies 340 J of energy to a gas while the system surrounding the gas does 140 J of work ON the gas. What is the change in internal energy? [ ΔQ = +340 J; ΔW = -140 J (work ON gas is negative) ]

ΔU = ΔQ- ΔW = (350 J) – (-140 J); ΔU = 480 J



20-6. What is the change in internal energy for Problem 20-5 if the 140 J of work is done BY the gas instead of ON the gas? [ Work BY gas is positive, ΔW = +140 J ]

ΔU = ΔQ - ΔW = (340 J) – (+140 J); ΔU = 200 J



20-7. A system absorbs 200 J of heat as the internal energy increases by 150 J. What work is done bv the gas? [ ΔQ = +200J, ΔU = +150 J ]

ΔW = ΔQ - ΔU = 200 J – 100 J = -50 J; ΔW = 50 J



*20-8. The specific heat of water is 4186 J/kg C0. How much does the internal energy of 200 g of water change as it is heated from 200C to 300C? Assume the volume is constant.

ΔQ = mcΔT = (0.2 kg)(4186 J/kg)(300C – 200C); ΔQ = 8372 J

Since ΔV = 0, ΔW is also zero: ΔU = ΔQ: ΔU = +8370 J



*20-9.At a constant pressure of 101.3 kPA, one gram of water (I cm3) is vaporized completely and has a final volume of 1671 cm3 in its vapor form. What work is done by the system against its surroundings? What is the increase in internal energy? (1 cm3 = 1 x 10-6 m3) Work = PΔV = (101,300 Pa)(1671 cm3 – 1cm3)(10-6 m3/cm3); ΔW = 169 J

*20-9. (Cont.) ΔQ = mLf = (0.001 kg)(2.256 x106 J/kg) = 2256 J

ΔU = ΔQ - ΔW = 2256 J – 169 J; ΔU = 2090 J

*20-10. A I0-kg block slides down a plane from a height of I0 in, and has a velocity of I0 m/s when it reaches the bottom, how many calories of heat were lost due to friction?


Thermodynamic Processes

20-11. An ideal gas expands isothermally while absorbing 4.80 J of heat. The piston has a mass of 3 kg. How high willthe piston rise above its initial position? [ ΔU = 0 (isothermal) ]

ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW; ΔW = ΔQ = +4.80 J; Work = Fh = 4.80 J

[pic]; h = 0.163 m or 16.3 cm

20-12. The work done on a gas during an adiabatic compression is 140 J. Calculate the increase in internal energy of the system in calories.

For an adiabatic process, ΔQ = 0 and work ON gas is ΔW = -140 J

ΔU + ΔW = 0;ΔU = -ΔW = -(-140 J); ΔU = +140 J

The internal energy increases as work is done in compressing the gas.



20-13. During an isobaric expansion a steady pressure of 200 kPa causes the volume of a gas to change from I L to 3 L. What work is done by the gas? [ 1 L = 1 x 10-3 m3 ]

Work = P(Vf – Vi) = (200,000 Pa)(3 x 10-3 m3 – 1 x 10-3 m3)

Work = 400 J

20-14. A gas is confined...