Scientific Methods

Scientific method – Universe
The scientific method steps: 1. Ask a question about sth you observe.
2. Do background research, investigate and look for info.
3. Construct an hypothesis “If I do this, then this will happen.”
4. Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment.
5. Analyse your data and draw a conclusion. (Hypothesis false: you must start the entire process over again)The Geocentric theory | The Heliocentric theory |
Universe consisted of concentric spheres with the Earth at the centre.Plantes+Sun had their own sphere and revolved around the Earth. Farther sphere with stars fixed on it.Everything in the universe consisted of perfect uniform circular motions.Church→God put us in the middle as a symbol of power. Earthy materials wanted to seek the center ofthe universe (that's why objects fall when dropped) Earth→Stationary (we’d fly off if not, Galileo – inertia and gravity) Movement of mars → Ptolemy epicycles (an orbit within an orbit) | The Sun is located at the centre. Earth+Planets revolved around the sun.Copernicus Farther sphere with stars fixed on it. (as G.T.) The Earthrotated, it moved around itself. The moon orbited around the Earth.Keptler→Elliptical orbit law (circular) Galileo (Cop.supporter)→Condemned by the CCh, accused of heresy by Inquisition, arrested for life. 1992 (350 y. after Galileo ł )→ C.Ch gave pardon. Movement of planets → Retrograde motion |
6. Communicate your results
The Big Bang: The Universe was once in anextremely hot and dense state that exploded, creating all the matter and atoms.
Now, the Universe is still growing and expanding.

BIG RIP Gravity forces will no longer exist, they won’t act between the galaxies.

BIG CRUNCH The universe will stop expanding and it will go back again, it will concentrate all the mass at the middle and it could explode again.

*We are star stuff.
Star → Alarge, glowing ball of gas that generates heat and light through nuclear fusion.
Planet → A moderately large object (rocky, icy or gaseous) which orbits a star and shines by reflected light.
Moon → An object which orbits a planet.
Asteroid → A relatively small and rocky object which orbits a star.
Comet → A relatively small and icy object which orbits a star.
(Solar) System → A star and all thematerial which orbits it, including its planets and moons.
Nebula → An interstellar cloud of gas or/and dust.
Galaxy → A great island of stars in space, all held together by gravity and orbiting a common centre.
Universe → The total sum of all matter and energy; that is, everything within and between all galaxies





The light, although fast, travels at a finite speed. The fartherout we look into the Universe, the farther back in time we see: the Earth takes 8min to reach the Earth, so when we look to the Sun, we are not looking its current state, but how it was 8min ago. Sirius is 8 light years away from the Earth, so it takes 8y to reach us. That means that when we see Sirius, we see how it was 8y ago.
We are moving with the Earth, and not just in one direction. TheEarth rotates around its axis once every day and around the sun once every year. The Solar System also orbits around the centre of the Milky Way.
The axis of the Earth is tilted, which is the cause of the seasons.




Tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics was first proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1910. It stated that the continents were once all together forming a supercontinent calledPangea. The continents broke apart and drifted to their present location.

① The shorelines of the continents do fit together like the pieces of a puzzle.
EVIDENCES
② Correlating rock types from opposite shores.
③ Correlating fossils from opposite shores.
④ Sea floor spreading A) A number of under-water mountains (mid ocean ridges) has been found throughout the world.
B) New sea floor...