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AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS (AFIS)

AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS (AFIS)
Peter Komarinski
With contributions by: Peter T. Higgins andKathleen M. Higgins Lisa K. Fox

Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford • Paris San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo

Acquisitions Editor Project Manager Associate Acquisitions Editor Developmental Editor Marketing Manager Cover Design Interior Design Composition Cover Printer Printer

Mark Listewnik Sarah M. Hajduk Jennifer Soucy Pamela Chester ChristianNolin Eric DeCicco Kenneth Burnley SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Phoenix Color The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group

Elsevier Academic Press 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2005, Elsevier Inc. All rightsreserved. Except Appendix B © 1998 International Association for Identification. Used with permission. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’sScience & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data APPLICATION SUBMITTED British Library Cataloguingin Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0-12-418351-4 For all information on all Elsevier Academic Press Publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com Printed in the United States of America 04 05 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To my family, especially my wife Mary Kay, who supported my endeavors, and my friends in the AFIScommunity who work tirelessly to make the world better. It is an honor to work with so many dedicated and talented individuals.

CONTENTS

FOREWORD CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Welcome 1.2 Fingerprints 1.3 What Is AFIS? 1.4 Identification Practices Prior to AFIS Systems 1.5 Current Identification Practices 1.6 Why Fingerprint-Based Checks Are Important 1.7 From Paper to Paperless 1.7.1 Paper: TheFingerprint Card 1.7.2 Paperless: Livescan 1.8 The Impact of AFIS Systems 1.9 Other AFIS Issues 1.10 Why This Book Was Written 1.11 Who This Book Is Intended For 1.12 Chapter Overview 1.12.1 Chapter 2 History of Automated Fingerprint Identification System 1.12.2 Chapter 3 Fingerprints Are Unique 1.12.3 Chapter 4 AFIS Summary—How the System Works 1.12.4 Chapter 5 From Print to Identification 1.12.5Chapter 6 Current Issues 1.12.6 Chapter 7 Buying an AFIS System: The Basic Documents Needed 1.12.7 Chapter 8 Standards and Interoperability 1.12.8 Chapter 9 Contractual Issues Regarding the Purchase of an Automated Fingerprint Identification System 1.12.9 Chapter 10 Case Study—Diamonds in the Rough: Increasing the Number of Latent Print Identifications 1.12.10 Appendices

xiii 1 1 3 4 8 10 12 1313 13 15 16 18 20 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 27

CHAPTER 2

HISTORY OF AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM 2.1 Early Prints 2.2 Moving Beyond a Single Database 2.3 Fingerprint (Tenprint) Cards

29 29 32 33

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A U T O M AT E D F I N G E R P R I N T I D E N T I F I C AT I O N S Y S T E M S

2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

Latent Print Processing The First AFIS System Growth and...