General rules for report speech

GENERAL RULES FOR REPORTED SPEECH
Direct and indirect speeches are two ways used in reporting what someone has said. They are mostly used on spoken english. It is important to learn how the transformation goes so as to be accurate in your interactions with the others. The makeover of a direct utterance to indirect speech has to abide to some rules that we should talk about in this paper.
FirstI'd like to draw your attention that once the reporting verb (say, tell) is in the present simple [She says] or the present perfect [He has told us] or the future simple tense [They will tell you], there's no change of tense at all.
Directos e indirectos son dos formas de discursos que se usan para informar lo que alguien ha dicho. Se utilizan principalmente en Inglés hablado. Es importante sabercómo va la transformación con el fin de ser precisos en sus interacciones con los demás. El cambio de imagen de una expresión directa de estilo indirecto tiene que cumplir con algunas reglas que debemos hablar en este artículo.
En primer lugar me gustaría llamar su atención que ya una vez reportando el verbo (decir) en el presente simple [ella dice] o el presente perfecto [Él nos ha dicho] o eltiempo futuro simple [ellos le diran] , no hay cambio de tiempos en absoluto.
Example: She says, “Jonh prefers tea”
She has told us that Jonh prefers tea.
Yet, once the reporting verb is in the past (said, told etc) many changes occur depending of course on the tense used in the moment of speaking.
Sin embargo, una vez que el verbo es en elpasado (said, told Etc), muchos cambios ocurren dependiendo el tiempo verbal utilizado al momento de hablar.
1* In direct speech the reported repeats the originals words of the speaker:
En el discurso directo (direct speech) el reportero repite las palabras originales del informante:
Leila said, “the cat has broken the vase”
2* In the indirect reported speech the reportes gives theexact meaning of the speakers without necessarily repeating the exact words of the speaker:
En la indirecta (indirect speech) los reportes dan el significado exacto del informante sin necesidad de repetir las palabras del mismo:
Leila said (that) the cat had broken the vase.

In indirect (reported speech) speech the tenses have to be changed in a way that the reporter (you) goes a step backin the time line with each tense. For instance, if the tense in the time of speaking (direct speech) is the present, it becomes past in the reported speech. If it is in the past, it is reported in the past perfect, if it is in the future, it is reported in the conditional and so on.

En indirecto (reported speech) habla los tiempos tienen que ser cambiadas de manera que el reportero (tu)retrocedas un tiempo verbal. Por ejemplo, si la tensión en el momento de hablar (estilo directo) es el presente, se convierte en pasado en el discurso indirecto. Si está en el pasado, se ha informado en el pasado perfecto, si está en el futuro, se informa en el condicional y así sucesivamente.--------**-------------------**---------------------**------------------------**--------------------**----------------------------**----------------------**-----
Past perfect simple past past continuous present perfect simple present present continuous future

Tense changes (cambios de tiempo)

|Direct speech |Indirect speech |
|Do / does|Did |
|Am / is / are doing |Was / were doing |
|Have / has done |Had / done |
|Did |Had done |
|Shall do |Should do...