Empresa

TOEIC Grammar

Grammaire conçue par le Groupe ESC Chambéry / La Cité des Langues

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Nouns

Tip

Check whether the noun is countable or uncountable! Countable nouns (people, animals, objects, plants, units of measurement) can be counted, used with the indefinite article and be plural. • two men; a dog; cars Uncountable nouns (substances, materials, abstract ideas,languages) cannot be counted, used with the indefinite article and are singular. • water; money

Countable or uncountable nouns: definitions

Uncountable nouns

The following nouns are always uncountable : advice baggage, luggage damage equipment fun furniture information knowledge • The information you gave me is incomplete. • She is making good progress with her German. Uncountable nounscan be made countable by combining them with: • expressions like a piece of …, a can of …, a slice of… a piece of information, a can of soda, a slice of bread • other nouns leisure activities, homework assignments Many nouns can be used as countable and uncountable nouns, usually with a difference in meaning : Uncountable paper (material) business (all business transactions) space (the universe)work (employment) time (hours, days…) Countable a (news)paper a business (a company) a space (a blank) a work (of art) a time (an occasion) leisure money news progress traffic weather work

A piece of

Both countable and uncountable

• They have some work to do on the acoustics. • If the global economy continues to flourish, people will continue buying works of art.
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Nouns, Suite

Tip

Check whether it is the right plural! Note the singular and plural forms of the following nouns. Singular irregular -ves : halves, lives, selves... children feet, teeth mice alumni, syllabi … analyses, crises … criteria, phenomena men, women always plural belongings, clothes, contents, earnings, goods, people, customs, media one thing, twoparts : pants, shorts, jeans, glasses, binoculars, scissors... same as singular means, series, species, crossroads, headquarters, fish, sheep, data, aircraft Example : • The news is disturbing. • Tracking bank transactions as a means of pursuing potential terrorists has been central to US intelligence. -f(e) : half, life, self... child foot, tooth mouse alumnus, syllabus … analysis, crisis …criterion, phenomenon man, woman always singular news the United States of America, nouns in -ics : athletics, mathematics, economics… Plural

Singular and plural

Hundred, thousand…

When dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion are used to convey the idea of: • a definite number, the pattern is: number/several + hundred, thousand, million…+ plural noun twenty thousand dollars Economists werealarmed by the deficit, which was several billion worse than they had expected. • an indefinite number, the pattern is : ∅ + hundreds, thousands, millions…+ of + plural noun I've told you hundreds of times.
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Nouns, Suite

Forms of address

Mr Smith a man Mrs Smith a married woman Miss Smith an unmarried woman Ms Smith a married orunmarried woman These forms of address have to be followed by a family name.

Abbreviations

Abbreviation Expression/word in full Abbreviation Expression/word in full as soon as possible Value Added Tax ASAP VAT Répondez SVP Brothers /s/ RSVP Bros to the attention of Company attn Co per proxy; per pro.(on behalf of) Corporation p.p. Corp id est (that is) Incorporated i.e. Inc per annum Limitedp.a. Ltd exempli gratia (for example) Public Limited Company e.g. PLC Please Turn Over Automatic Teller Machine PTO ATM ante meridiem Chief Executive Officer AM CEO post meridiem Information Technology PM IT number Master of Business Administration # or No MBA post office box Research and Development POB R&D at Public Relations @ PR miscellaneous Human Resources misc HR pound(s) Personal...